Lucretius - Book Six

Munro: IN days of yore Athens of famous name first imparted corn-producing crops to suffering mankind, and modeled life anew and passed laws; and first too bestowed sweet solaces of existence, when she gave birth to a man who showed himself gifted with such a genius and poured forth all knowledge of old from his truth-telling mouth; whose glory, even now that he is dead, on account of his godlike discoveries confirmed by length of time is spread abroad among men and reaches high as heaven.

Dunster: Renowned Athens, first to wretched man gave the sweet fruits, and human life refreshed, and published laws; but comforts nobler far than these she gave, when to the world she showed great Epicurus, formed with such a soul; who from his mouth delivered sublime truths, as from an oracle, whose fame for so divine discoveries dispersed every way abroad and was raised after death above the skies.

Latin: Primae frugiparos fetus mortalibus aegris dididerunt quondam praeclaro nomine Athenae et recreaverunt vitam legesque rogarunt et primae dederunt solacia dulcia vitae, cum genuere virum tali cum corde repertum, omnia veridico qui quondam ex ore profudit; cuius et extincti propter divina reperta divolgata vetus iam ad caelum gloria fertur.

Munro: For when he saw that the things which their needs imperiously demand for subsistence had all without exception been already provided for men, and that life, so far as was possible, was placed on a sure footing, that men were great in affluence of riches and honors and glory and swelled with pride in the high reputation of their children, and yet that none of them at home for all that had a heart the less disquieted, and that this heart in despite of the understanding plagued life without any respite and was constrained to rave with distressful complainings, he then perceived that the vessel itself did cause the corruption and that by its corruption all the things that came into it and were gathered from abroad, however salutary were spoilt within it; partly because he saw it to be leaky and full of holes so that it could never by any means be filled full; partly because he perceived that it befouled so to say with a nauseous flavor everything within it which it had taken in.

Dunster: For when he saw how little would suffice for necessary use, and by what small provisions life might be preserved; that Nature had prepared every thing ready to support mankind; that men abounded with wealth, and were loaded with honor and applause, and happy in their private concerns, in the good character of their children, and yet their minds were restless at home, complaining and lamenting the misery of their condition; he perceived the vessel itself (the mind) was the cause of the calamity, and by the corruption of that, every thing, though ever so good, that was poured into it was tainted: it was full of holes, and run out, and so could never by any means by filled; and whatever it received within, it infected with a stinking smell.

Latin: nam cum vidit hic ad victum quae flagitat usus omnia iam ferme mortalibus esse parata et, pro quam possent, vitam consistere tutam, divitiis homines et honore et laude potentis affluere atque bona gnatorum excellere fama, nec minus esse domi cuiquam tamen anxia cordi, atque animi ingratis vitam vexare sine ulla pausa atque infestis cogi saevire querellis, intellegit ibi vitium vas efficere ipsum omniaque illius vitio corrumpier intus, quae conlata foris et commoda cumque venirent; partim quod fluxum pertusumque esse videbat, ut nulla posset ratione explerier umquam, partim quod taetro quasi conspurcare sapore omnia cernebat, quae cumque receperat, intus.

Munro: He therefore cleansed men’s breasts with truth-telling precepts and fixed a limit to lust and fear and explained what was the chief good which we all strive to reach, and pointed out the road along which by a short cross-track we might arrive at it in a straightforward course; he showed too what evils existed in mortal affairs throughout, rising up and manifoldly flying about by a natural –call it chance or force, because nature had so brought it about – and from what gates you must sally out duly to encounter each; and he proved that mankind mostly without cause arouse in their breast the melancholy tumbling billows of cares. For even as children are flurried and dread all things in the thick darkness, thus we in the daylight fear at times things not a whit more to be dreaded than what children shudder at in the dark and fancy sure to be. This terror therefore and darkness of mind must be dispelled, not by the rays of the sun and glittering shafts of day, but by the aspect and law of nature. Wherefore the more readily I will go on in my verses to complete the web of my design.

Dunster: And therefore he purged the mind by true philosophy, and set bounds to our desires and our fears. He laid open to us the chief good, that point of happiness we all aim at, in what it consists, and showed us the direct way that leads to it, and puts us into the straight road to obtain it. He taught what misfortunes commonly attend human life, whether they flow from the laws of nature or from chance, whether from necessity or by accident; and by what means we are to oppose those evils, and strive against them. And he has fully proved that men torment themselves in vain, and are tossed about in a tempestuous ocean of cares to no purpose. For as boys tremble and fear every thing in the dark night, so we in open day fear things as vain, and little to be dreaded, as those that children quake at in the dark. and fancy advancing towards them. This terror of the mind, this darkness then, not the Sun's beams nor the bright rays of day can scatter, but the light of nature and the rules of reason; and therefore I shall the more readily proceed to execute what I have begun.

Latin: Veridicis igitur purgavit pectora dictis et finem statuit cuppedinis atque timoris exposuitque bonum summum, quo tendimus omnes, quid foret, atque viam monstravit, tramite parvo qua possemus ad id recto contendere cursu, quidve mali foret in rebus mortalibus passim, quod fieret naturali varieque volaret seu casu seu vi, quod sic natura parasset, et quibus e portis occurri cuique deceret, et genus humanum frustra plerumque probavit volvere curarum tristis in pectore fluctus. nam vel uti pueri trepidant atque omnia caecis in tenebris metuunt, sic nos in luce timemus inter dum, nihilo quae sunt metuenda magis quam quae pueri in tenebris pavitant finguntque futura. hunc igitur terrorem animi tenebrasque necessest non radii solis nec lucida tela diei discutiant, sed naturae species ratioque. quo magis inceptum pergam pertexere dictis.

Munro: And since I have shown that the quarters of ether are mortal and that heaven is formed of a body that had a birth, and since of all the things which go on and must go on in it, I have unraveled most, hear further what remains to be told; since once for all (I have willed) to mount the illustrious chariot (of the muses, and ascending to heaven to explain the true law of winds and storms, which men foolishly lay to the charge of the gods, telling how, when they are angry, they raise fierce tempests; and, when there is a lull in the fury)] of the winds, how that anger is appeased, how the omens which have been are again changed, when their fury has thus been appeased: (I have willed at the same time\] to explain all the other things which mortals observe to go on upon earth and in heaven, when often they are in anxious suspense of mind, and which abase their souls with fear of the gods and weigh and press them down to earth, because ignorance of the causes constrains them to submit things to the empire of the gods and to make over to them the kingdom.

Dunster: And since I taught the fabric of the world was mortal, and that the heavens are formed of corruptible seeds, and whatever they do, or ever will contain, must necessarily be dissolved; attend now to what remains, especially since the hope of carrying the prize has encouraged me to ascend the chariot and engage in so noble a race; and since the difficulties that once attended the course are removed, and the roughness of the way is made favorable and easy. The various wonders men behold in the earth and in the heavens perplex their minds, trembling and in suspense, and make them humble with the fear of the gods, and press them groveling to the ground; and being ignorant of the cause of these events, they are forced to confess the sovereignty and give up everything to the command of these deities. And the effects they are unable to account for by reason they imagine were brought about by the influence of the gods;

Latin: Et quoniam docui mundi mortalia templa esse [et] nativo consistere corpore caelum, et quae cumque in eo fiunt fierique necessest pleraque dissolui, qui restant percipe porro, quandoquidem semel insignem conscendere currum * * * tu mihi supremae praescripta ad candida callis currenti spatium praemonstra, callida musa Calliope, requies hominum divomque voluptas, te duce ut insigni capiam cum laude coronam. * * * ventorum existant, placentur [ut] omnia rursum * * * quae fuerint, sint placato conversa furore. cetera quae fieri in terris caeloque tuentur mortales, pavidis cum pendent mentibus saepe et faciunt animos humilis formidine divom depressosque premunt ad terram propterea quod ignorantia causarum conferre deorum cogit ad imperium res et concedere regnum. [quorum operum causas nulla ratione videre possunt ac fieri divino numine rentur.]

Munro: For they who have been rightly taught that the gods lead a life without care, if nevertheless they wonder on what plan all things can be carried on, above all in regard to those things which are seen overhead in the ethereal borders, are borne back again into their old religious scruples and take unto themselves hard taskmasters, whom they poor wretches believe to be almighty, not knowing what can, what cannot be, in short on what principle each thing has its powers defined, its deep set boundary mark; and therefore they are led all the farther astray by blind reason.

Dunster: For such as well know that the gods lead a life of tranquility and ease, if they should still wonder by what power the world is carried on, especially in the the things they see over their heads in the heavens above, they relapse again into their old superstition; they raise over themselves a set of cruel tyrants who, the wretches fancy, can do all things, because they know nothing of what can or what cannot be, or by what means a finite power is fixed to every being, and a boundary immovable which it cannot pass. Such are more liable to mistakes and to be carried widely from the right way.

Latin: Nam bene qui didicere deos securum agere aevom, si tamen interea mirantur qua ratione quaeque geri possint, praesertim rebus in illis quae supera caput aetheriis cernuntur in oris, rursus in antiquas referuntur religionis et dominos acris adsciscunt, omnia posse quos miseri credunt, ignari quid queat esse, quid nequeat, finita potestas denique cuique qua nam sit ratione atque alte terminus haerens; quo magis errantes caeca ratione feruntur.

Munro: Now unless you drive from your mind with loathing all these things, and banish far from you all belief in things degrading to the gods and inconsistent with their peace, then often will the holy deities of the gods, having their majesty lessened by you, do you hurt; not that the supreme power of the gods can be so outraged that in their wrath they shall resolve to exact sharp vengeance, but because you will fancy to yourself that they, though they enjoy quiet and calm peace, do roll great billows of wrath; nor will you approach the sanctuaries of the gods with a calm breast, nor will you be able with tranquil peace of mind to take in those idols which are carried from their holy body into the minds of men as heralds of their divine form. And what kind of life follows after this, may be conceived.

Dunster: Unless you purge your mind of such conceits, and banish them your breast, and forebear to think unworthily of the gods, by charging them with things that break their peace, those sacred deities you will believe are always angry and offended with you; not that the supreme power of the gods can be so ruffled as to be eager to punish severely in their resentments, but because you fancy those beings, who enjoy a perfect peace in themselves, are subject to anger and the extravagances of revenge: and therefore you will no more approach their shrines with an easy mind, no more in tranquility and peace will you be able to receive the images, the representations of their divine forms, that form from their pure bodies and strike powerfully upon the minds of men: From hence you may collect what a wretched life you are to lead.

Latin: Quae nisi respuis ex animo longeque remittis dis indigna putare alienaque pacis eorum, delibata deum per te tibi numina sancta saepe oberunt; non quo violari summa deum vis possit, ut ex ira poenas petere inbibat acris, sed quia tute tibi placida cum pace quietos constitues magnos irarum volvere fluctus, nec delubra deum placido cum pectore adibis, nec de corpore quae sancto simulacra feruntur in mentes hominum divinae nuntia formae, suscipere haec animi tranquilla pace valebis. inde videre licet qualis iam vita sequatur.

Munro: But in order that most veracious reason may drive it far away from us, though much has already gone forth from me, much however still remains and has to be embellished in smooth-polished verses; the law and aspect of heaven have to be grasped; storms and bright lightnings, what they do and from what cause they are borne along, all this has to be sung; that you may not mark out the heaven into quarters and be startled and distracted on seeing from which of them the volant fire has come or to which of the two halves it has betaken itself, in what way it has gained an entrance within walled places, and how after lording it with tyrant sway, it has gotten itself out from these.

Dunster: That the rules therefore of right reason may keep these evils at the greatest distance from us, though I have offered many things upon this subject before, yet much still remains to be observed, which I shall adorn with the smoothest verse. And first, the nature and phenomenons of the heavens must be explained. And now I sing of tempests, and the flaming blasts of lightning; how they fly and from what cause they dart through all the air, lest, when you view the several parts of heaven, you tremble and, mad with superstitions, ask whence comes this winged fire, and to what quarter of heaven does it direct its course; how does it pierce through walls of stone, and having spent its rage goes out again? The causes of which events, since men cannot assign by the laws of reason, they must, they suppose, be effected by the power of the gods.

Latin: Quam quidem ut a nobis ratio verissima longe reiciat, quamquam sunt a me multa profecta, multa tamen restant et sunt ornanda politis versibus; est ratio caelisque tenenda, sunt tempestates et fulmina clara canenda, quid faciant et qua de causa cumque ferantur; ne trepides caeli divisis partibus amens, unde volans ignis pervenerit aut in utram se verterit hinc partim, quo pacto per loca saepta insinuarit, et hinc dominatus ut extulerit se. [quorum operum causas nulla ratione videre possunt ac fieri divino numine rentur.]

Munro: Do thou, deft muse Calliope, solace of men and joy of gods, point out the course before me as I race to the white boundary-line of the final goal, that under thy guidance I may win the crown with signal applause.

Dunster: And thou Calliope, my skillful muse, the joy of men and pleasure of the gods, lead on the course and guide me to the goal, that by thy conduct I may gain a crown and end the race with glory.

Latin: Tu mihi supremae praescripta ad candida calcis currenti spatium praemonstra, callida Musa Calliope, requies hominum divomque voluptas, te duce ut insigni capiam cum laude coronam.

Munro: In the first place the blue of heaven is shaken with thunder because the ethereal clouds clash together as they fly aloft when the winds combat from opposite quarters. For no sound ever comes from a cloudless part of heaven, but wheresoever the clouds are gathered in a denser mass, from that part with greater frequency comes a clap with a loud growl.

Dunster: First, the blue arch of heaven is shaken with thunder because the airy clouds, flying aloft, are forced by adverse winds and strike together; for where the sky is clear you hear no noise; but where the clouds are thick and drive in troops, thence comes the louder sound and murmur through the air. Besides, the clouds are not so solid in their contexture as stones and wood, nor so thin as mists and flying smoke, for then, depressed by their own weight, they would either fall abruptly down as stones, or like smoke they would disperse, and not be able to keep in the chilling snow and showers of hail.

Latin: Principio tonitru quatiuntur caerula caeli propterea quia concurrunt sublime volantes aetheriae nubes contra pugnantibus ventis. nec fit enim sonitus caeli de parte serena, verum ubi cumque magis denso sunt agmine nubes, tam magis hinc magno fremitus fit murmure saepe. praeterea neque tam condenso corpore nubes esse queunt quam sunt lapides ac ligna, neque autem tam tenues quam sunt nebulae fumique volantes; nam cadere aut bruto deberent pondere pressae ut lapides, aut ut fumus constare nequirent nec cohibere nives gelidas et grandinis imbris.

Munro: Again, clouds cannot be either of so dense a body as stones and timbers, nor again so fine as mists and flying bodies of smoke; for then they must either fall borne down by their dead weight like stones, or like smoke they would be unable to keep together and hold within frozen snows and hail showers. They also give forth a sound over the levels of the wide-stretching upper world, just as at times a canvas-awning stretched over large theaters makes a creaking noise, when it tosses about among the poles and beams; sometimes too rent by the boisterous gales it madly howls and closely imitates the rasping noise of pieces of paper: for this kind of noise too you may observe in thunder: you may observe again the sound which is heard when the winds whirl about with their blows and buffet through the air either a hanging cloth or flying bits of paper. For sometimes the clouds cannot meet front to front indirect collision, but must rather move from the flank and so with contrary motions graze leisurely along each other’s bodies; whence comes that dry sound which brushes the ears and is long drawn out, until they have made their way out of their confined positions.

Dunster: They give the crack through the wide space of heaven, as curtains strained upon the posts and beams in lofty theatres, when ruffled by the boisterous winds and blown to pieces, they make a rattling noise like paper torn. This thunder, you observe, will sound like cloths spread out, or flying sheets, when tossed by strokes of wind they roll and flutter through the sky. And sometimes the clouds will not directly meet, and engage front to front, but in their different motions will rudely shock the sides of one another as they pass. Hence comes that dry crashing sound we hear that lasts for some time before it breaks its close prison and roars out.

Latin: Dant etiam sonitum patuli super aequora mundi, carbasus ut quondam magnis intenta theatris dat crepitum malos inter iactata trabesque, inter dum perscissa furit petulantibus auris et fragilis [sonitus] chartarum commeditatur; id quoque enim genus in tonitru cognoscere possis, aut ubi suspensam vestem chartasque volantis verberibus venti versant planguntque per auras. fit quoque enim inter dum [ut] non tam concurrere nubes frontibus adversis possint quam de latere ire diverso motu radentes corpora tractim, aridus unde auris terget sonus ille diuque ducitur, exierunt donec regionibus artis.

Munro: In this way also all things appear to quake often from the shock of heavy thunder, and the mighty walls of the far stretching ether seem in an instant to have been riven and to have sprung asunder; when a storm of violent wind has suddenly gathered and worked itself into the clouds and, there shut in, with its whirling eddy ever more and more on all sides forces the cloud to become hollow with a thick surrounding crust of body; afterwards when its force and impetuous onset have split it, then the cloud thus rent gives forth a crash with a frightful hurtling noise. And no wonder, when a small bladder filled with air often emits a hideous sound if suddenly burst.

Dunster: All things, you see from hence, will shake and tremble at the dreadful clap. And the heavens (the mighty walls of this wide world) are torn and burst asunder in a moment when a collected force of restless wind gets suddenly within a cloud, and there enclosed it rolls furiously about, and stretches the hollow space, still more and more, until the sides grow thick and are condensed, and when it summons it whole strength, and rages to get free, then comes the frightful break; it flies abroad with horrid noise. Nor is this strange when a small bladder full of wind will likewise give a mighty crack when it is suddenly burst.

Latin: Hoc etiam pacto tonitru concussa videntur omnia saepe gravi tremere et divolsa repente maxima dissiluisse capacis moenia mundi, cum subito validi venti conlecta procella nubibus intorsit sese conclusaque ibidem turbine versanti magis ac magis undique nubem cogit uti fiat spisso cava corpore circum, post ubi conminuit vis eius et impetus acer, tum perterricrepo sonitu dat scissa fragorem. nec mirum, cum plena animae vensicula parva saepe haud dat parvum sonitum displosa repente.

Munro: It can also be explained how the winds, when they blow through the clouds, make noises: we see branching and rough clouds often borne along in many ways; thus, you are to know, when the blasts of the northwest blow through a dense forest, the leaves give forth a rustling and the boughs a crashing.

Dunster: When the winds strike violently upon the clouds this may produce a noise, for we see the branched clouds, with their rough edges, are driven about in various manners, as the blasts of south-west winds, blowing hard upon the thick woods, the boughs give a sound and the branches rattle through the air.

Latin: Est etiam ratio, cum venti nubila perflant, ut sonitus faciant; etenim ramosa videmus nubila saepe modis multis atque aspera ferri; scilicet ut, crebram silvam cum flamina cauri perflant, dant sonitum frondes ramique fragorem.

Munro: Sometimes too the force of the strong wind in rapid motion rends the cloud, breaking through it by an assault right in front: what a blast of wind can do there, is shown by facts plain to sense, when hereon earth where it is gentler it yet twists out tall trees and tears them up from their deepest roots.

Dunster: And sometimes the violent force of a fierce wind will beat directly, with all its rage, upon a cloud, and cut it asunder. That the winds will shatter the clouds is evident by experience, for here below, where their power is much weaker, they will overturn the strongest trees and tear them up by the roots.

Latin: Fit quoque ut inter dum validi vis incita venti perscindat nubem perfringens impete recto; nam quid possit ibi flatus manifesta docet res, hic, ubi lenior est, in terra cum tamen alta arbusta evolvens radicibus haurit ab imis.

Munro: There are also waves among the clouds and they give a kind of roar as they break heavily; just as in deep rivers and on the great sea when the surf breaks.

Dunster: And then the clouds, like waves, roll about in the wide ocean of the air, and cause a roaring noise by dashing together. The same happens in large rivers, and in the wide sea, when it is broken and rages with the tide.

Latin: Sunt etiam fluctus per nubila, qui quasi murmur dant in frangendo graviter; quod item fit in altis fluminibus magnoque mari, cum frangitur aestus.

Munro: Sometimes too when the burning force of thunder has fallen out of one cloud into another, if haply the latter contains much moisture when it has taken the fire into it, it drowns it at once with a loud noise; just so iron glowing hot from the fiery furnaces sometimes hisses when we have plunged it quickly into cold water. Again if the cloud which receives the fire is drier, it is set on fire in an instant and burns with a loud noise; just as if a flame should range over the laurel-covered hills through a whirlwind and burn them up with its impetuous assault; and there is not anything that burns in the crackling flame with a more startling sound than the Delphic laurel of Phoebus.

Dunster: And sometimes the fiery force of lightning falls from one cloud into another. If a cloud full of moisture receives this fire it extinguishes it with great noise, as a red-hot iron, just taken out of the glowing heat, hisses when we plunge it hastily into cold water. But if a dry cloud receives the flame, it takes fire instantly, and rattles in the air, as when a fire, raging with mighty force, is driven by rushing winds upon a hill covered with laurels, and sets all in a blaze. For nothing burns with a more dreadful noise and crackling flame than the leaves of the Delphic Laurel, sacred to Apollo.

Latin: Fit quoque, ubi e nubi in nubem vis incidit ardens fulminis; haec multo si forte umore recepit ignem, continuo magno clamore trucidat; ut calidis candens ferrum e fornacibus olim stridit, ubi in gelidum propter demersimus imbrem. Aridior porro si nubes accipit ignem, uritur ingenti sonitu succensa repente, lauricomos ut si per montis flamma vagetur turbine ventorum comburens impete magno; nec res ulla magis quam Phoebi Delphica laurus terribili sonitu flamma crepitante crematur.

Munro: Then often too much crashing of ice and tumbling in of hail make a noise in the great clouds on high; for when the wind packs them together into a confined space, the mountains of storm-clouds congealed and mixed with hail break up.

Dunster: And lastly, pieces of ice and showers of hail, enclosed in mighty clouds, will often sound like thunder, for the winds have driven and pressed them close; these mountainous clouds, being condensed, will burst and discharge their weight of ice and hail.

Latin: Denique saepe geli multus fragor atque ruina grandinis in magnis sonitum dat nubibus alte; ventus enim cum confercit, franguntur in artum concreti montes nimborum et grandine mixti.

Munro: It lightens too, when the clouds have struck out by their collision many seeds of fire; just as if a stone were to strike another stone or a piece of iron; for then too light bursts out and fire scatters about bright sparks.

Dunster: It lightens when the clouds, by violent strokes in meeting, beat out many seeds of fire and strike as flint and steel, or stone and stone; for then the light leaps out and scatters shining sparks of fire.

Latin: Fulgit item, nubes ignis cum semina multa excussere suo concursu, ceu lapidem si percutiat lapis aut ferrum; nam tum quoque lumen exilit et claras scintillas dissipat ignis.

Munro: [164] But we hear the thunder with our ears after the eyes see the flash of lightning, because things always travel more slowly to the ears than those which excite vision travel to the eyes. This you may perceive from the following instance as well: when you see a man at a distance cutting with a double-edged axe a large tree, you perceive the stroke before the blow carries the sound to the ear: thus we see lightning too before we hear the thunder, which is discharged at the same time as the fire from the same cause, being born indeed from the same collision.

Dunster: But we never hear the thunderclap til we have seen the lightning, for the images of things approach our ears much slower than they reach our eyes. This you prove when you observe a fellow at a distance is cutting down a tree; you see the blow struck before you hear the stroke. And so we see the lightning before we hear the thunder, though the noise and flame fly out together, and proceed from the same cause, the same shock and bursting of the clouds.

Latin: Sed tonitrum fit uti post auribus accipiamus, fulgere quam cernant oculi, quia semper ad auris tardius adveniunt quam visum quae moveant res. id licet hinc etiam cognoscere: caedere si quem ancipiti videas ferro procul arboris auctum, ante fit ut cernas ictum quam plaga per auris det sonitum; sic fulgorem quoque cernimus ante quam tonitrum accipimus, pariter qui mittitur igni e simili causa, concursu natus eodem.

Munro: Also in the following manner clouds dye places with winged light and the storm flashes out with a rapid quivering movement. When the wind has made its way into a cloud and whirling about in it has, as I have shown above, made the cloud hollow with a dense crust, it becomes hot by its own velocity: thus you see all things thoroughly heated and fired by motion; nay a leaden ball in whirling through along course even melts. When therefore this wind now on fire has rent the black cloud, it scatters abroad at once seeds of fire pressed out by force so to speak, and these produce the throbbing flashes of flame; then follows a sound which strikes on the ears more slowly than the things which travel to our eyes strike on them. This you are to know takes place when the clouds are dense and at the same time piled up on high one above the other in marvelous accumulation; that you be not led into error, because we see how great their breadth is below, rather than to how great a height they are piled up. Observe, at a time when the winds shall carry clouds like to mountains with a slanting course through the air, or when you shall see them piled on the sides of great mountains one on the top of the other and pressing down from above perfectly at rest, the winds being buried on all sides. You will then be able to observe their great masses and to see caverns as it were built of hanging rocks; and when a storm has gathered and the winds have filled these, they chafe with aloud roaring shut up in the clouds, and bluster in their dens after the fashion of wild beasts: now from this point, now from that the winds send their growlings through the clouds, and seeking a way outwhirl about and roll together seeds of fire out of the clouds and then gather many into a mass and make flame rotate in the hollow furnaces within, until they have burst the cloud and shone forth in forked flashes.

Dunster: And so the clouds will blaze with winged fire, and tempests will shine with trembling flame, when the winds get within a cloud, and roll about, and make it hollow (as I said before) til it grows condensed, and then by motion kindles and breaks into a flame. For things made hot by motion, we see, will fall on fire, and leaden bullets, in a long course through the air, have melted as they fled. Therefore this fiery wind, when it has burst the sides of this dark cloud, forces and instantly scatters many seeds of fire, which makes the sudden flash of lightning strike our sight. This happens when the clouds are thick and roll on heaps, one pile above another, with wondrous swiftness through the air. Nor must you think this false because the clouds, to us that stand below, seem rather broad than deep, or raised on heaps; for see how the winds will whirl along the air these rolling clouds, raised mountain-high; and on the mountain-tops the clouds, observe, are higher some than others, and piled on heaps; and, when the winds are still, the higher row will press the lower down. Then you may judge of their prodigious weight, and view their hollow caverns, formed as it were in hanging rocks, where in a tempest the rough winds are shut, and scorn to be confined, and roar with horrid noise, like savage beasts within their dens chained down. They grumble here and there, on every side, within the clouds, and striving to get free, roll every way about, and as they move collect the fiery seeds in great abundance, and in the heated caverns toss them about until the clouds burst, and then they flash in shining flame.

Latin: Hoc etiam pacto volucri loca lumine tingunt nubes et tremulo tempestas impete fulgit. ventus ubi invasit nubem et versatus ibidem fecit ut ante cavam docui spissescere nubem, mobilitate sua fervescit; ut omnia motu percalefacta vides ardescere, plumbea vero glans etiam longo cursu volvenda liquescit. ergo fervidus hic nubem cum perscidit atram, dissipat ardoris quasi per vim expressa repente semina, quae faciunt nictantia fulgura flammae; inde sonus sequitur, qui tardius adlicit auris quam quae perveniunt oculorum ad lumina nostra. scilicet hoc densis fit nubibus et simul alte extructis aliis alias super impete miro. ne tibi sit frudi quod nos inferne videmus quam sint lata magis quam sursum extructa quid extent. contemplator enim, cum montibus adsimulata nubila portabunt venti transversa per auras, aut ubi per magnos montis cumulata videbis insuper esse aliis alia atque urguere superna in statione locata sepultis undique ventis; tum poteris magnas moles cognoscere eorum speluncasque vel ut saxis pendentibus structas cernere, quas venti cum tempestate coorta conplerunt, magno indignantur murmure clausi nubibus in caveisque ferarum more minantur, nunc hinc nunc illinc fremitus per nubila mittunt, quaerentesque viam circum versantur et ignis semina convolvunt [e] nubibus atque ita cogunt multa rotantque cavis flammam fornacibus intus, donec divolsa fulserunt nube corusci.

Munro: From this cause again yon golden color of clear bright fire flies down with velocity to the earth: the clouds must themselves have very many seeds of fire; for when they are without any moisture, they are mostly of a brilliant flame color. Moreover they must take in many from the sun’s light, so that with good cause they are ruddy and shed forth fires. When therefore the wind has driven thrust squeezed together and collected into one spot these clouds, they press out and shed forth seeds which cause the colors of flame to flash out.

Dunster: And for this reason, perhaps, the lightning (that swift and golden stream of pure fire) flies down upon the earth, because the clouds must needs contain within themselves plenty of fiery seeds, and such as are without moisture, look bright and of a fiery color, for they must receive many fiery particles from the sun, and therefore cannot but look red, and send out flame. These, when the force of winds have pressed and driven into a narrow space, the fiery seeds, being squeezed, fly out and make that glaring flame to shine abroad.

Latin: Hac etiam fit uti de causa mobilis ille devolet in terram liquidi color aureus ignis, semina quod nubes ipsas permulta necessust ignis habere; etenim cum sunt umore sine ullo, flammeus [est] plerumque colos et splendidus ollis. quippe etenim solis de lumine multa necessest concipere, ut merito rubeant ignesque profundant. hasce igitur cum ventus agens contrusit in unum compressitque locum cogens, expressa profundunt semina, quae faciunt flammae fulgere colores.

Munro: It also lightens when the clouds of heaven are rarefied as well. For when the wind lightly unravels them and breaks them up as they move, those seeds which produce the lightning must fall perforce; and then it lightens without a hideous startling noise and without any uproar.

Dunster: Or it lightens because the clouds above are rarefied; for when the winds blow on them as they pass, and gently stretch them out, and wear them thin, the seeds of fire that make the light must needs fall out, but then it shines without much noise and terror, and causes no confusion in the sky.

Latin: Fulgit item, cum rarescunt quoque nubila caeli; nam cum ventus eas leviter diducit euntis dissoluitque, cadant ingratius illa necessest semina quae faciunt fulgorem. tum sine taetro terrore atque sonis fulgit nulloque tumultu.

Munro: Well, to proceed, what kind of nature thunderbolts possess, is shown by their strokes and the traces of their heat which have burnt themselves into things and the marks which exhale the noxious vapors of sulfur: all these are signs of fire, not of wind or rain. Again they often set on fire even the roofs of houses and with swift flame rule resistless within the house.

Dunster: Now of what seeds the lightning is composed its strokes will show, and marks of fire it leaves behind, and steams of stinking sulphur in the air, for these are signs of fire, not wind or rain, for lightning will set on fire whole towns, and with swift flames consume the houses to the ground.

Latin: Quod superest, [quali] natura praedita constent fulmina, declarant ictus et inusta vaporis signa notaeque gravis halantis sulpuris auras; ignis enim sunt haec non venti signa neque imbris. praeterea saepe accendunt quoque tecta domorum et celeri flamma dominantur in aedibus ipsis.

Munro: This fire subtle above all fires nature, you are to know, forms of minute and lightly moving bodies, and it is such as nothing whatever can withstand. The mighty thunderbolt passes through the walls of houses, like a shout and voices, passes through stones, through brass, and in a moment of time melts brass and gold; and causes wine too in an instant to disappear, while the vessels are untouched, because sure enough its heat on reaching it readily loosens and rarefies all the earthen material of the vessel on every side and forcing a way within lightly separates and disperses the first-beginnings of the wine. This the sun’s heat would be unable to accomplish in an age, though beating on it incessantly with its quivering heat: so much more nimble and overpowering is this other force.

Dunster: Nature has formed this subtle fire of seeds of heat the most minute, and particles most apt to move, which nothing can resist. It passes forcibly through the walls as voice and sound. I flies through stones and brass, and in a moment melts both brass and gold. It has strange power to draw the liquor out, and leave the vessel whole: This it does by loosening the contexture of the cask, and by widening its pores every way, that so its heat may more easily find a passage through; and by then, by the swiftness of its motion, it dissolves the body of the liquor, scatters its seeds, and forces it out. And this the heat of the sun is not able to do in an age, so much stronger is the force of this bright flame, its motion more swift, and its power more irresistible.

Latin: Hunc tibi subtilem cum primis ignibus ignem constituit natura minutis mobilibusque corporibus, cui nil omnino obsistere possit. transit enim validum fulmen per saepta domorum clamor ut ac voces, transit per saxa, per aera et liquidum puncto facit aes in tempore et aurum. curat item vasis integris vina repente diffugiant, quia ni mirum facile omnia circum conlaxat rareque facit lateramina vasis adveniens calor eius et insinuatus in ipsum mobiliter soluens differt primordia vini. quod solis vapor aetatem non posse videtur efficere usque adeo pollens fervore corusco. tanto mobilior vis et dominantior haec est.

Munro: And now in what way these are begotten and are formed with a force so resistless as to be able with their stroke to burst asunder towers, throw down houses, wrench away beams and rafters, and cast down and burn up the monuments of men, to strike men dead, prostrate cattle far and near, by what force they can do all this and the like, I will make clear and will not longer detain you with mere professions.

Dunster: But how these fires are formed, and how they rage with so great force, as by their strokes to beat down towers, to overturn houses, to tear up posts and beams, to shake and tumble down monuments of stone, to strike men dead, and kill whole herds at once; by what power they cause such scenes of ruin, this I shall now explain, as I promised, and keep you no longer in suspense.

Latin: Nunc ea quo pacto gignantur et impete tanto fiant ut possint ictu discludere turris, disturbare domos, avellere tigna trabesque et monimenta virum commoliri atque ciere, exanimare homines, pecudes prosternere passim, cetera de genere hoc qua vi facere omnia possint, expediam neque [te] in promissis plura morabor.

Munro: Thunderbolts we must suppose to be begotten out of dense clouds piled up high; for they are never sent forth at all when the sky is clear or when the clouds are of a slight density. That this is so beyond all question is proved by facts evident to sense: clouds at such times form so dense a mass over the whole sky that we might imagine all its darkness had abandoned Acheron throughout and filled up the great vaults of heaven: in such numbers, gathering up out of the frightful night of storm clouds, do faces of black horror hang over us on high; what time the storm begins to forge its thunderbolts.

Dunster: You are to observe, then, that thunder is produced from thick clouds, raised high one above another in the air; for the thunder never roars in a clear sky, nor is discharged from clouds that are not thick and condensed; and this is evident from common observation. The clouds thicken every way over all the heavens, as if the whole mass of darkness had left the shades of Hell, and filled the spacious hollows of the sky; and this dark heap of clouds spreads a dreadful night over our heads, and makes us tremble here below. These are the signs when a tempest is forging thunder in the air.

Latin: Fulmina gignier e crassis alteque putandumst nubibus extructis; nam caelo nulla sereno nec leviter densis mittuntur nubibus umquam. nam dubio procul hoc fieri manifesta docet res; quod tunc per totum concrescunt aeëra nubes, undique uti tenebras omnis Acherunta reamur liquisse et magnas caeli complesse cavernas, Æusque adeo tetra nimborum nocte coorta inpendent atrae formidinis ora superne,Æ cum commoliri tempestas fulmina coeptat.

Munro: Very often again a black storm-cloud too out at sea, like a stream of pitch sent down from heaven, falls in such wise upon the waters heavily charged with darkness afar off and draws down a black tempest big with lightnings and storms, itself so fraught above all the rest with fires and winds, that even on land men shudder and seek shelter. Thus then we must suppose that the storm above our head reaches high up; for the clouds would never bury the earth in such thick darkness, unless they were built up high heap upon heap, the sunlight totally disappearing; nor could the clouds when they descend drown it with so great a rain, as to make rivers overflow and put fields under water, if they were not piled high up in the sky.

Dunster: Besides, a black cloud is often observed at sea, below the dark regions of the clouds that falls from the sky like a stream of flowing pitch into the water; and being full of fire and wind, draws a black tempest with it, loaded with storms and thunder, so that those at land tremble and fly for shelter to their houses. Those clouds then, you must think, are high above our heads. They could not overwhelm the earth with so much darkness were they not raised on heaps above, and driven between us and the sun's light; nor could they load the earth with so great showers, and make the rivers swell and drown the plains, unless the clouds were raised on heaps in the upper regions of the air.

Latin: Praeterea persaepe niger quoque per mare nimbus, ut picis e caelo demissum flumen, in undas sic cadit effertus tenebris procul et trahit atram fulminibus gravidam tempestatem atque procellis, ignibus ac ventis cum primis ipse repletus, in terra quoque ut horrescant ac tecta requirant. sic igitur supera nostrum caput esse putandumst tempestatem altam; neque enim caligine tanta obruerent terras, nisi inaedificata superne multa forent multis exempto nubila sole; nec tanto possent venientes opprimere imbri, flumina abundare ut facerent camposque natare, si non extructis foret alte nubibus aether.

Munro: In this case then all things are filled with winds and fire; therefore thunderings and lightnings go on all about. For I have shown above that hollow clouds have very many seeds of heat, and they must also take many in from the sun’s rays and their heat. On this account when the same wind which happens to collect them into any one place, has forced out many seeds of heat and has mixed itself up with that fire, then the eddy of wind forces a way in and whirls about in the straitened room and points the thunderbolt in the fiery furnaces within; for it is kindled in two ways at once: it is heated by its own velocity and from the contact of fire. After that when the force of the wind has been thoroughly heated and the impetuous power of the fire has entered in, then the thunderbolt fully forged as it were suddenly rends the cloud, and the heat put in motion is carried on traversing all places with flashing lights. Close upon it falls so heavy a clap that it seems to crush down from above the quarters of heaven which have all at once sprung asunder. Then a trembling violently seizes the earth and rumblings run through high heaven; for the whole body of the storm then without exception quakes with the shock and loud roarings are aroused. After this shock follows so heavy and copious a rain that the whole ether seems to be turning into rain and then to be tumbling down and returning to a deluge: so great a flood of it is discharged by the bursting of the cloud and the storm of wind, when the sound flies forth from the burning stroke.

Dunster: These clouds are fully charged with wind and fire, and thence the lightnings flash and thunders roar; for, as I said above, these hollow clouds are full of fiery seeds, and many they received from the sun's rays and borrow from their heat. And when the wind compels them to retreat to a closer room, it drives out many seeds of fire, and mingles with the flame. Then the loud tempest rolls along the sky, and in its heated entrails forms and points the thunder. This wind is set on fire, either by the rapidity of its own motion, or catches from the fiery seeds within the cloud, and when it is raging hot, and in a flame, it collects all its fury, and then the ripened thunder instantly splits and bursts the cloud. The fiery tempest blazes all abroad with the darts of flashing light, followed by frightful noise, as if the temples of the gods above were rent asunder. The earth below trembles dreadfully at the shock, and the loud murmurs scour through all the heavens; for the whole tempest shakes and roars aloud. Then grievous showers in great abundance follow the concussion, as if the skies were all dissolved in rain, and poured down inundations from above. So dreadful is the clap that flies abroad with red-hot lightning, when the clouds burst, and storms of fiery wind rage through the air.

Latin: Hic igitur ventis atque ignibus omnia plena sunt; ideo passim fremitus et fulgura fiunt. quippe etenim supra docui permulta vaporis semina habere cavas nubes et multa necessest concipere ex solis radiis ardoreque eorum. hoc ubi ventus eas idem qui cogit in unum forte locum quemvis, expressit multa vaporis semina seque simul cum eo commiscuit igni, insinuatus ibi vortex versatur in arto et calidis acuit fulmen fornacibus intus; nam duplici ratione accenditur: ipse sua cum mobilitate calescit et e contagibus ignis. inde ubi percaluit venti vis [et] gravis ignis impetus incessit, maturum tum quasi fulmen perscindit subito nubem ferturque coruscis omnia luminibus lustrans loca percitus ardor. quem gravis insequitur sonitus, displosa repente opprimere ut caeli videantur templa superne. inde tremor terras graviter pertemptat et altum murmura percurrunt caelum; nam tota fere tum tempestas concussa tremit fremitusque moventur. quo de concussu sequitur gravis imber et uber, omnis uti videatur in imbrem vertier aether atque ita praecipitans ad diluviem revocare; tantus discidio nubis ventique procella mittitur, ardenti sonitus cum provolat ictu.

Munro: At times too the force of the wind set in motion from without falls on a cloud hot with a fully forged thunderbolt; and when it has burst it, forthwith there falls down yon fiery eddying whirl which in our native speech we call a thunderbolt. The same takes place on every other side towards which the force in question has borne down.

Dunster: Or else the lightning flies when, from without, a furious wind beats hard upon a cloud, replete with thunder ripe for birth; which, when it bursts the fierty vortex falls (we in our language call it thunder) and makes its way where the strokes most prevailed.

Latin: Est etiam cum vis extrinsecus incita venti incidit in validam maturo culmine nubem; quam cum perscidit, extemplo cadit igneus ille vertex, quem patrio vocitamus nomine fulmen. hoc fit idem in partis alias, quo cumque tulit vis.

Munro: Sometimes too the power of the wind though discharged without fire, yet catches fire in the course of its long travel, and while it is passing on, it loses on the way some large bodies which cannot like the rest get through the air; and gathers together out of the air itself and carries along with it other bodies of very small size which mix with it and produce fire by their flight; very much in the same way as a leaden ball becomes hot during its course, when it loses many bodies of cold and has taken up fire in the air.

Dunster: Sometimes a furious wind will burst the cloud before tis set on fire, but kindles as it flies in its long passage through the air; for in its course it throws off the heavy seeds that lay behind, and could not make their way, and brushed and carried off other small seeds from the air, which join and fall on fire as they fly. Just as a ball of lead melts in its course and, throwing off the cold and stubborn sears, takes fire and softens in the air.

Latin: Fit quoque ut inter dum venti vis missa sine igni igniscat tamen in spatio longoque meatu, dum venit amittens in cursu corpora quaedam grandia, quae nequeunt pariter penetrare per auras, atque alia ex ipso conradens aeëre portat parvola, quae faciunt ignem commixta volando; non alia longe ratione ac plumbea saepe fervida fit glans in cursu, cum multa rigoris corpora dimittens ignem concepit in auris.

Munro: Sometimes too the force of the blow itself strikes out fire, when the force of wind discharged in a cold state without fire has struck, because sure enough, when it has smitten with a powerful stroke, the elements of heat are able to stream together out of the wind itself and at the same time out of the thing which then encounters the stroke. Thus, when we strike a stone with iron, fire flies out; and none the less, because the force of the iron is cold, do its seeds of fiery brightness meet together upon the stroke. Therefore in the same way too a thing ought to beset on fire by the thunderbolt, if it has happened to be in a state suited to receive and susceptible of the flames. At the same time the might of the wind cannot lightly be thought to be absolutely and decidedly cold, seeing that it is discharged with such force from above; but if it is not already set on fire during its course, it yet arrives in a warm state with heat mixed up in it.

Dunster: And the fury of the stroke, perhaps, may raise a fire, when the force of a cold wind, unkindled, beats hard with all its power; for then the seeds of fire may flow together upon the violence of the stroke, not only from the wind, but from the thing it strikes; as when we strike the flint with steel, the fire flies out; and though the iron be by nature cold, yet when it feels the blow the hot seeds of fire will spread abroad. And thus, whatever the lightning falls upon may easily be set on fire, if it be in its nature fit and disposed to burn. Nor can the wind be supposed to be perfectly cold, since it is discharged from above with so much violence; and if it be not inflamed as it drives through the air, yet it must have some degree of heat when it comes to the earth.

Latin: Fit quoque ut ipsius plagae vis excitet ignem, frigida cum venti pepulit vis missa sine igni, ni mirum quia, cum vehementi perculit ictu, confluere ex ipso possunt elementa vaporis et simul ex illa quae tum res excipit ictum; ut, lapidem ferro cum caedimus, evolat ignis, nec, quod frigida vis ferrist, hoc setius illi semina concurrunt calidi fulgoris ad ictum. sic igitur quoque res accendi fulmine debet, opportuna fuit si forte et idonea flammis. nec temere omnino plane vis frigida venti esse potest, ea quae tanta vi missa supernest, quin, prius in cursu si non accenditur igni, at tepefacta tamen veniat commixta calore.

Munro: But the velocity of thunderbolts is great and their stroke powerful, and they run through their course with a rapid descent, because their force when set in motion first in all cases collects itself in the clouds and gathers itself up for a great effort at starting; then when the cloud is no longer able to hold the increased moving power, their force is pressed out and therefore flies with a marvelous moving power, like to that with which missiles are carried when discharged from powerful engines.

Dunster: The swiftness and heavy stroke of the thunder, and the violence of its fall, proceed from hence. The wind, shut up within a cloud, rages in all its strength, and struggles hard to get free; and when the cloud can no longer bear the fury of its efforts, it breaks out and flies abroad with mighty force, as stones and darts from mighty engines thrown.

Latin: Mobilitas autem fit fulminis et gravis ictus et celeri ferme percurrunt fulmina lapsu, nubibus ipsa quod omnino prius incita se vis colligit et magnum conamen sumit eundi, inde ubi non potuit nubes capere inpetis auctum, exprimitur vis atque ideo volat impete miro, ut validis quae de tormentis missa feruntur.

Munro: Then too the thunderbolt consists of small and smooth elements, and such a nature it is not easy for anything to withstand; for it flies between and passes in through the porous passages; therefore it is not checked and delayed by many collisions, and for this reason it glides and flies on with a swift moving power.

Dunster: Besides, the thunder is formed of small and smooth seeds, so subtle that nothing can withstand its force. It gets between and pierces through the smallest pores; it meets with nothing that can divert its passage, and therefore flies abroad with the swiftest motion.

Latin: Adde quod e parvis et levibus est elementis, nec facilest tali naturae obsistere quicquam; inter enim fugit ac penetrat per rara viarum, non igitur multis offensibus in remorando haesitat, hanc ob rem celeri volat impete labens.

Munro: Next, all weights without exception naturally pressing downward, when to this a blow is added, the velocity is doubled and yon moving power becomes so intense that the thunderbolt dashes aside more impetuously and swiftly whatever gets in its way and tries to hinder it, and pursues its journey.

Dunster: And then, since all bodies of weight naturally descend, when blows or outward force is added to their innate gravity, their motion doubles, and the violence of the strokes drives them downwards with greater speed, and consequently they beat through every thing that obstructs their motion much sooner and with more vehemence pursue their course.

Latin: Deinde, quod omnino natura pondera deorsum omnia nituntur, cum plagast addita vero, mobilitas duplicatur et impetus ille gravescit, ut vehementius et citius quae cumque morantur obvia discutiat plagis itinerque sequatur.

Munro: Then too as it advances with a long-continued moving power, it must again and again receive new velocity which ever increases as it goes on and augments its powerful might and gives vigor to its stroke; for it forces all the seeds of the thunder to be borne right onward to one spot so to speak, throwing them all together, as on they roll, into that single line. Perhaps too as it goes on it attracts certain bodies out of the air itself, and these by their blows kindle apace its velocity.

Dunster: And lastly, the greater the distance is from whence a body descends, its swiftness in proportion increases. It still gathers strength as it moves, grows more violent, and the blow is the heavier when it falls, for all its seeds are driven down by that length of violence to one point, and unite all their powers in the same motion; or perhaps they carry with them other seeds in their passage through the air which beat them on and keep them steady in their descent.

Latin: Denique quod longo venit impete, sumere debet mobilitatem etiam atque etiam, quae crescit eundo et validas auget viris et roborat ictum; nam facit ut quae sint illius semina cumque e regione locum quasi in unum cuncta ferantur, omnia coniciens in eum volventia cursum. Forsitan ex ipso veniens trahat aeëre quaedam corpora, quae plagis incendunt mobilitatem.

Munro: It passes too through things without injuring them, and leaves many things quite whole after it has gone through, because the clear bright fire flies through by the pores. And it breaks to pieces many things, when the first bodies of the thunderbolt have fallen exactly on the first bodies of these things, at the points where they are intertwined and held together. Again it easily melts brass and fuses gold in an instant, because its force is formed of bodies minutely small and of smooth elements, which easily make their way in and when they are in, in a moment break up all the knots and untie the bonds of union.

Dunster: The lightning makes its way and passes through bodies that are rare, and leaves them safe and unhurt; but other bodies it rends asunder, because its fiery seeds strike through their solid corpuscles which hold them together: And therefore it easily dissolves brass and gold, because it consists of exceeding small and smooth particles, which work themselves without difficulty into the very principles, and in an instant melt the whole contexture, and loosen the ties and bonds by which they were secured.

Latin: Incolumisque venit per res atque integra transit multa, foraminibus liquidus quia transviat ignis. multaque perfringit, cum corpora fulminis ipsa corporibus rerum inciderunt, qua texta tenentur. dissoluit porro facile aes aurumque repente conferve facit, e parvis quia facta minute corporibus vis est et levibus ex elementis, quae facile insinuantur et insinuata repente dissoluont nodos omnis et vincla relaxant.

Munro: And more especially in autumn the mansion of heaven studded with glittering stars and the whole earth are shaken on all sides, and also when the flowery season of spring discloses itself. For during the cold fires are wanting and winds fail during the heat, and the clouds then are not of so dense a body. When therefore the seasons of heaven are between the two extremes, the different causes of thunder and lightning all combine; for the very cross-current of the year mixes up cold and heat, both of which a cloud needs for forging thunderbolts; so that there is great discord in things and the air raving with fires and winds heaves in mighty disorder. The first part of heat and the last of cold is the spring-time; therefore unlike things must battle with one another and be turbulent when mixed together. And when the last heat mixed with the first cold rolls on its course, a time which goes by the name of autumn, then too fierce winters are in conflict with summers. Therefore these seasons are to be called the cross-seas of the year; and it is not wonderful that in that season thunderbolts are most frequent and troublous storms are stirred up in heaven; since both sides then engage in the troublous medley of dubious war, the one armed with flames, the other with winds and water commingled.

Dunster: And in autumn, and when the flowery season of the spring displays its beauty, then the high palaces of heaven with all its shining stars, and the whole earth, are shaken most with thunder; for in the winter there wants fire, and in summer there is no supply of wind, nor will the clouds grow thin in too much heat. But in the middle quarters of the year, all things occur to make the thunder roar. Those seasons are made up of heat and cold blended together; of both these is formed the thunder; that so these jarring elements may raise the greater combustions, and the tormented air toss with more confusion by the strokes of wind and fire; for the end of winter and the beginning of summer make the spring. And then the heat and cold, two enemies so opposite, must needs engage, and when they meet and mix, raise strange confusions in the air. And then the end of summer and the beginning of winter bring on the autumn; now the retiring heat and coming cold engage again. These are the times, we say, when the elements go forth to war. Where is the wonder if loud thunders roar in seasons such as these, and dreadful tempests rattle in the sky, since the elements rage in every way with doubtful war, on one side fire, on the other furious winds mingled with rain?

Latin: Autumnoque magis stellis fulgentibus alta concutitur caeli domus undique totaque tellus, et cum tempora se veris florentia pandunt. frigore enim desunt ignes ventique calore deficiunt neque sunt tam denso corpore nubes. interutrasque igitur cum caeli tempora constant, tum variae causae concurrunt fulminis omnes. nam fretus ipse anni permiscet frigus [ad] aestum. quorum utrumque opus est fabricanda ad fulmina nubi, ut discordia [sit] rerum magnoque tumultu ignibus et ventis furibundus fluctuet aeër. ut discordia [sit] rerum magnoque tumultu ignibus et ventis furibundus fluctuet aeër. prima caloris enim pars est postrema rigoris; tempus id est vernum; quare pugnare necessest dissimilis [res] inter se turbareque mixtas. et calor extremus primo cum frigore mixtus volvitur, autumni quod fertur nomine tempus, hic quoque confligunt hiemes aestatibus acres. propterea [freta] sunt haec anni nominitanda, nec mirumst, in eo si tempore plurima fiunt fulmina tempestasque cietur turbida caelo, ancipiti quoniam bello turbatur utrimque, hinc flammis, illinc ventis umoreque mixto.

Munro: This is the way to see into the true nature of the thunderbolt and to understand by what force it produces each effect, and not the turning over the scrolls of Tyrrhene charms and vainly searching for tokens of the hidden will of the gods, in order to know from what quarter the volant fire has come or to which of the two halves it has betaken itself, in what way it has gained an entrance within walled places, and how after lording it with tyrant sway it has gotten itself out from these; also what harm the thunderstroke from heaven can do.

Dunster: From hence you must collect the true principles of thunder, and discover how it works and sends abroad its fires, for tis in vain to look back into old Tuscan legends and from thence inquire into the secret purposes of the gods, from what quarters of the heavens the lightning flies, and to what part it points its forked beams, and how it pierces through the walls of houses, and having spent its rage it finds a passage out, and what evil it portends by flashing from the sky.

Latin: Hoc est igniferi naturam fulminis ipsam perspicere et qua vi faciat rem quamque videre, non Tyrrhena retro volventem carmina frustra indicia occultae divum perquirere mentis, unde volans ignis pervenerit aut in utram se verterit hinc partim, quo pacto per loca saepta insinuarit, et hinc dominatus ut extulerit se, quidve nocere queat de caelo fulminis ictus.

Munro: But if Jupiter and other gods shake with an appalling crash the glittering quarters of heaven, and hurl their fire whither each is so minded, why strike they not those whoever they be who have recked not of committing some abominable sin and make them give forth the flames of lightning from breast pierced through and through, a sharp lesson to men? And why rather is he whose conscience is burdened with no foul offense, innocent though he be, wrapped and enveloped in the flames, in a moment caught up by the whirlwind and fire of heaven?

Dunster: For if great Jupiter, and the rest of the gods, delight to shake the shining battlements of heaven with horrid noise, and throw about these fires as please themselves, why are not those shot through who love to act flagitious crimes, and why their hearts not struck with fiery bolts, as dreadful monuments to future times? Why rather are the good and innocent scorched with these blasts, and tortured in the flames, and caught up in these whirlwinds of the air, and in the fire consumed?

Latin: Quod si Iuppiter atque alii fulgentia divi terrifico quatiunt sonitu caelestia templa et iaciunt ignem quo cuiquest cumque voluntas, cur quibus incautum scelus aversabile cumquest non faciunt icti flammas ut fulguris halent pectore perfixo, documen mortalibus acre, et potius nulla sibi turpi conscius in re volvitur in flammis innoxius inque peditur turbine caelesti subito correptus et igni?

Munro: Why too aim they at solitary spots and spend their labor in vain? Or are they then practicing their arms and strengthening their sinews? And why do they suffer the father’s bolt to be blunted on the earth? Why does he allow it himself, and not spare it for his enemies? Why again, when heaven is unclouded on all sides, does Jupiter never hurl a bolt on the earth or send abroad his claps? Or does he, so soon as clouds have spread under, then go down in person into them, that from them he may aim the strokes of his bolt near at hand? Ay and for what reason does he hurl into the sea? Of what has he to impeach its waters and liquid mass and floating fields?

Dunster: And why do they spend their shafts on solitary places, and fatigue themselves in vain? Is it to exercise their arms, to try their strength? Or why do they permit their father's bolts to be blunted against the bare earth? Why does he suffer this himself, and not rather reserve his stores to blast his enemies? Why does not Jove vouchsafe to roar with thunder, and smite the earth with his bolts in a clear sky? When the clouds spread over the heavens, does he descend within them, in order to be nearer, and to throw his darts with a surer aim? Why does he send his fires upon the sea? Why does he chastise the waves, the wide ocean, or the plains covered with water?

Latin: Cur etiam loca sola petunt frustraque laborant? an tum bracchia consuescunt firmantque lacertos? in terraque patris cur telum perpetiuntur optundi? cur ipse sinit neque parcit in hostis? denique cur numquam caelo iacit undique puro Iuppiter in terras fulmen sonitusque profundit? an simul ac nubes successere, ipse in eas tum descendit, prope ut hinc teli determinet ictus? in mare qua porro mittit ratione? quid undas arguit et liquidam molem camposque natantis?

Munro: Again, if he wills us to avoid the thunderstroke, why fears he to let us see it discharged? Or if he wills to crush us off our guard with his fire, why thunders he from that side, to enable us to shun it? Why stirs he up beforehand darkness and roarings and rumblings?

Dunster: Besides, if he would have us avoid the stroke of his thunderbolts, why does he not contrive that we may see them as they fly? If he resolves to blast us with his fire before we are aware, why does he first flash out his lightning from that quarter whence his bolts are to be discharged that we may avoid them? Why does he give us notice by raising darkness, noises, and murmurs in the air?

Latin: Praeterea si vult caveamus fulminis ictum, cur dubitat facere ut possimus cernere missum? si nec opinantis autem volt opprimere igni, cur tonat ex illa parte, ut vitare queamus, cur tenebras ante et fremitus et murmura concit?

Munro: And how can you believe that he hurls at many points at the same time? Or would you venture to maintain that it never has happened that more than one stroke was made at one time? Nay often and often it has happened and must happen that, even as it rains and showers fall in many different quarters, so many thunderings go on at one time.

Dunster: And then how think you that he is able to cast so many darts in many various places at once? Will you offer to say this is never done, and insist there are never more darts flying about at the same time? It is certain that numbers of them are thrown together, and it cannot be otherwise, for as the rain and showers fall upon many countries at once, so many strokes of thunder are discharged at the same time.

Latin: Et simul in multas partis qui credere possis mittere? an hoc ausis numquam contendere factum, ut fierent ictus uno sub tempore plures? at saepest numero factum fierique necessest, ut pluere in multis regionibus et cadere imbris, fulmina sic uno fieri sub tempore multa.

Munro: Once more why does he dash down the holy sanctuaries of the gods and his own gorgeous seats with the destroying thunderbolt, and break the fine-wrought idols of the gods, and spoil his own images of their glory by an overbearing wound? And why does he mostly aim at lofty spots, and why do we see most traces of his fire on the mountain tops?

Dunster: In the last place: Why does he with his deadly thunder beat down the sacred temples of the other gods, and the stately fabrics devoted to himself? Why does he dash to pieces the curious statues of the other deities, and destroy with furious strokes the honors offered to his own images? Why does he level his shafts at lofty places, for we discover many traces of this fire upon the tops of highest mountains?

Latin: Postremo cur sancta deum delubra suasque discutit infesto praeclaras fulmine sedes et bene facta deum frangit simulacra suisque demit imaginibus violento volnere honorem? altaque cur plerumque petit loca plurimaque eius montibus in summis vestigia cernimus ignis?

Munro: To proceed, it is easy from these facts to understand in what way those things, which the Greeks from their nature have named presters, come down from above into the sea. For sometimes a pillar so to speak is let down from heaven and descends into the sea, and round about it the surges boil, stirred up by heavy blasts of winds; and all ships caught in that turmoil are dashed about and brought into extreme danger.

Dunster: It is easy, from what has been observed, to apprehend the cause of those whirlwinds (which the Greeks, from the Nature of Things, justly call Presters) and how they descend from above and fall into the sea. They are sometimes seen to descend from the air into the water like a pillar, and the sea, raging about with violent blasts of wind, seems to boil, and is exceedingly tossed, and whatever ships are caught with the reach of the hurricane are in the utmost danger of being cast away.

Latin: Quod super est, facilest ex his cognoscere rebus, presteras Graii quos ab re nominitarunt, in mare qua missi veniant ratione superne. nam fit ut inter dum tam quam demissa columna in mare de caelo descendat, quam freta circum fervescunt graviter spirantibus incita flabris, et quae cumque in eo tum sint deprensa tumultu navigia in summum veniant vexata periclum.

Munro: This takes place when at times the force of the wind put in motion cannot burst the cloud which it essays to burst, but weighs it down, so that it is like a pillar let down from heaven into the sea, yet gradually, just as if a thing were thrust down from above and stretched out to the level of the waters by the fist and push of the arm; and when the force of the wind has rent this cloud, it bursts out from it into the sea and occasions a marvelous boiling in the waters; for the whirling eddy descends and brings down together with it yon cloud of limber body; and as soon as it has forced it down full-charged as it is to the levels of the sea, the eddy in a moment plunges itself entire into the water, and stirs up the whole sea with a prodigious noise and forces it to boil.

Dunster: This happens when the force of the wind, impetuously whirling within the cloud, is not able to break it, but drives it on, so that it falls like a column let down into the sea. This descent is gradual, as if it was thrust by some hand or arm, and spread over the waters. When the cloud bursts, the fury of the wind breaks out among the waves, and violently whirling round takes fire, and raises a wonderful heat and fermentation in the waters; for a rolling whirlwind descends with the cloud, which being slow in its motion, it bears along with it through the air, and when it has thrust the heavy body of the cloud into the sea, it plunges furiously with it into the water, and with a dreadful noise sets all the elements in a blaze.

Latin: Hoc fit ubi inter dum non quit vis incita venti rumpere quam coepit nubem, sed deprimit, ut sit in mare de caelo tam quam demissa columna, paulatim, quasi quid pugno bracchique superne coniectu trudatur et extendatur in undas; quam cum discidit, hinc prorumpitur in mare venti vis et fervorem mirum concinnat in undis; versabundus enim turbo descendit et illam deducit pariter lento cum corpore nubem; quam simul ac gravidam detrusit ad aequora ponti, ille in aquam subito totum se inmittit et omne excitat ingenti sonitu mare fervere cogens.

Munro: Sometimes too the eddy of wind wraps itself up in clouds and gathers out of the air seeds of cloud and imitates in a sort the prester let down from heaven. When this prester has let itself down to the land and has burst, it belches forth a whirlwind and storm of enormous violence; but as it seldom takes place at all and as mountains cannot but obstruct it on land, it is seen more frequently on the sea with its wide prospect and unobstructed horizon.

Dunster: It sometimes happens that a whirlwind, as it passes through the air, will scrape off some seeds from the bodies of the clouds, and rolling itself within, will look like a prester descending from above into the sea. When this vortex of wind falls upon the earth, it bursts out without being kindled into flame, it whirls with mighty force, and raises a tempest and bears down everything before it. This sort of whirlwind is not common on land, for the high hills hinder its descent and breaks its force, bit it appears frequently in the wide sea and in the open air.

Latin: Fit quoque ut involvat venti se nubibus ipse vertex conradens ex aeëre semina nubis et quasi demissum caelo prestera imitetur; hic ubi se in terras demisit dissoluitque, turbinis immanem vim provomit atque procellae. sed quia fit raro omnino montisque necessest officere in terris, apparet crebrius idem prospectu maris in magno caeloque patenti.

Munro: Clouds are formed, when in this upper space of heaven many bodies flying about have in some one instant met together, of a rougher sort, such as are able, though they have got the very slightest holds of each other, to catch together and be held in union. These bodies first cause small clouds to form; and these next catch together and collect into masses and increase by joining with each other and are carried on by the winds continually until a fierce storm has gathered.

Dunster: Now for the origin of clouds: These are formed when certain rough and hooked seeds, as they fly about, at length unite in the higher region of the air that is above us, but are held together loosely, and not bout in any close and strict embrace. Of these the thin and small clouds are first produced, and many of them meeting together, and pressing close, make the large and heavy clouds, which the winds drive every way abroad till they break out into a raging storm.

Latin: Nubila concrescunt, ubi corpora multa volando hoc super in caeli spatio coiere repente asperiora, modis quae possint indupedita exiguis tamen inter se compressa teneri. haec faciunt primum parvas consistere nubes; inde ea comprendunt inter se conque gregantur et coniungendo crescunt ventisque feruntur usque adeo donec tempestas saeva coortast.

Munro: The nearer too the tops of a mountain in each case are to heaven, the more constantly at this elevation they smoke with the thick darkness of a swarthy cloud, because, as soon as clouds form, before the eyes can see them, thin as they are, the winds carry and bring them together to the highest summits of a mountain; and then at last when they have gathered in a greater mass, being now dense they are able to make themselves visible and at the same time they are seen to rise up from the very top of the mountain into the ether: the very fact of the case and our sensations, when we climb high mountains, prove that the regions which stretch up on high are windy.

Dunster: And then, the nearer the tops of mountains approach the sky, the higher they are, the more they smoke, and appear covered with the thick darkness of a yellow cloud, because the mists that arise are so thin and subtle that before they are discovered by the eye they are carried aloft by the winds to the tops of the highest hills. And since they unite there in larger bodies, and show thick and condensed, they seem to rise from the tops of these hills into the air, for when we ascend a high mountain, the thing itself and the sense demonstrate that the winds tend to the highest places and reign there.

Latin: Fit quoque uti montis vicina cacumina caelo quam sint quoque magis, tanto magis edita fument adsidue fulvae nubis caligine crassa propterea quia, cum consistunt nubila primum, ante videre oculi quam possint tenvia, venti portantes cogunt ad summa cacumina montis; hic demum fit uti turba maiore coorta et condensa queant apparere et simul ipso vertice de montis videantur surgere in aethram. nam loca declarat sursum ventosa patere res ipsa et sensus, montis cum ascendimus altos.

Munro: Again clothes hung up on the shore, when they drink in the clinging moisture, prove that nature takes up many bodies over the whole sea as well. This makes it still more plain that many bodies may likewise rise up out of the salt heaving sea to add to the bulk of clouds; for the two liquids are near akin in their nature.

Dunster: Besides, that nature raises many exhalations from the wide sea is plain, by observing that garments expanded upon the shore will soon be wet; and therefore, to form such vast bodies of clouds, many seeds are thrown off and arise from the motion of salt waters.

Latin: Praeterea permulta mari quoque tollere toto corpora naturam declarant litore vestis suspensae, cum concipiunt umoris adhaesum. quo magis ad nubis augendas multa videntur posse quoque e salso consurgere momine ponti; nam ratio consanguineast umoribus omnis.

Munro: Again we see mists and steam rise out of all rivers and at the same time from the earth as well; and they forced out like a breath from these parts are then carried upwards and overcast heaven with their darkness and make up clouds on high as they gradually come together; for the heat of starry ether at the same time presses down too on them and by condensing as it were weaves a web of clouds below the blue.

Dunster: And we see that mists and watery particles rise from all the rivers, and from the earth itself; which, like a vapour, are from thence squeezed out and carried upwards, and cover the whole heavens with darkness, and uniting together by degrees, are sufficient to produce the clouds. For the seeds that are continually descending from above in a confused manner, continually beat these mists upon the back, and by condensing and pressing them close, form them into clouds over all the sky.

Latin: Praeterea fluviis ex omnibus et simul ipsa surgere de terra nebulas aestumque videmus, quae vel ut halitus hinc ita sursum expressa feruntur suffunduntque sua caelum caligine et altas sufficiunt nubis paulatim conveniundo; urget enim quoque signiferi super aetheris aestus et quasi densendo subtexit caerula nimbis.

Munro: Sometimes there come here into heaven from without those bodies which form clouds and the flying storm-rack; for I have shown that their number passes numbering and that the sum of the deep is infinite; and I have proved with what velocity bodies fly and how in a moment of time they are wont to pass through space unspeakable. It is not therefore strange that a tempest and darkness often in a short time cover over with such great mountains of clouds seas and lands, as they hang down upon them overhead, since on all sides through all the cavities of ether and as it were through the vents of the great world around the power of going out and coming in is accorded to the elements.

Dunster: It may be, likewise, that seeds from without, from the immense space of the universe, may flow hither, and unite in the production of the flying clouds, for I have proved before that these seeds are without number, and that the void is infinite. I have shown how suddenly and with what celerity they pass through this boundless space. It is no wonder therefore that tempests and dark clouds are in so short a time frequently spread over the whole heavens, and cover the high mountains, the seas, and the earth, with so quick a motion; since, from every quarter, through all the passages of the air, through all the breathing-places, I may say, of the universe, the seeds can make their way hither and unite, or withdraw and fly away again.

Latin: Fit quoque ut hunc veniant in caelum extrinsecus illa corpora quae faciunt nubis nimbosque volantis; innumerabilem enim numerum summamque profundi esse infinitam docui, quantaque volarent corpora mobilitate ostendi quamque repente immemorabile [per] spatium transire solerent. haut igitur mirumst, si parvo tempore saepe tam magnis ventis tempestas atque tenebrae coperiant maria ac terras inpensa superne, undique quandoquidem per caulas aetheris omnis et quasi per magni circum spiracula mundi exitus introitusque elementis redditus extat.

Munro: [495] Now mark and I will explain in what way the rainy moisture is formed in the clouds above and then is sent down and falls to the earth in the shape of rain. And first I will prove that many seeds of water rise up together with the clouds themselves out of all things and that both the clouds and the water which is in the clouds thus increase together; just as our body increases together with the blood, as well as the sweat and all the moisture which is in the frame. The clouds likewise imbibe much sea-water as well, like hanging fleeces of wool, when the winds carry them over the great sea. In like manner moisture is taken up out of all rivers into the clouds; and when the seeds of waters full many in number in many ways have met in them, augmented from all sides, then the close-packed clouds endeavor to discharge their moisture from two causes: the force of the wind drives them together, and likewise the very abundance of the rain-clouds, when a greater mass than usual has been brought together, pushes down, presses from above and forces the rain to stream out. Again when the clouds are also rarefied by the winds, or are dispersed, being smitten at the same time by the heat of the sun, they discharge a rainy moisture and trickle down, just as wax over a hot fire melts away and turns fast into liquid.

Dunster: And now I shall explain in what manner the rain is formed within the clouds above, and falls down in showers upon the earth. I shall first show that many seeds of rain are raised from every thing, together with the clouds, and that they increase together, both the clouds and the rain contained within, in the same manner as the blood increases in proportion with our bodies, or as sweat or any other moisture diffused through the limbs. The clouds likewise, like hanging fleeces of wool, suck up many particles of salt water when the winds drive them over the open sea. And so by the same rule a quantity of moisture is raised into the clouds from all the rivers, and there these many seeds of waters meeting from all parts, and uniting variously together, the clouds being full, are obliged to discharge their load of moisture for two reasons: either the force of winds drives them close, or the number of them, raised one above another, presses them down from above with their own weight, and makes the showers to pour down. Besides, when the clouds are made rare and thin by the winds, or are dissolved by the heat of the sun striking upon them, they discharge their rainy moisture and drop, as wax dissolves and melts over a hot fire.

Latin: Nunc age, quo pacto pluvius concrescat in altis nubibus umor et in terras demissus ut imber decidat, expediam. primum iam semina aquai multa simul vincam consurgere nubibus ipsis omnibus ex rebus pariterque ita crescere utrumque et nubis et aquam, quae cumque in nubibus extat, ut pariter nobis corpus cum sanguine crescit, sudor item atque umor qui cumque est denique membris. concipiunt etiam multum quoque saepe marinum umorem, vel uti pendentia vellera lanae, cum supera magnum mare venti nubila portant. consimili ratione ex omnibus amnibus umor tollitur in nubis. quo cum bene semina aquarum multa modis multis convenere undique adaucta, confertae nubes umorem mittere certant dupliciter; nam vis venti contrudit et ipsa copia nimborum turba maiore coacta urget et e supero premit ac facit effluere imbris. praeterea cum rarescunt quoque nubila ventis aut dissolvuntur solis super icta calore, mittunt umorem pluvium stillantque, quasi igni cera super calido tabescens multa liquescat.

Munro: But a violent rain follows, when the clouds are violently pressed upon by both causes, by their own accumulated weight and by the impetuous assault of the wind. And rains are wont to hold out and to last long, when many seeds of waters are stirred to action, and clouds upon clouds and rack upon rack welling forth from all quarters round about are borne along, and when the reeking earth steams moisture back again from its whole surface.

Dunster: But expect a violent storm of rain when these clouds, heaped up, are pressed, not only by their own weight, but driven close by the stroke of winds from without. The rains used to confine us long at home, and to last for some time, when there are seeds of moisture in abundance; when the dropping clouds are raised on heaps above, and are driven every way abroad, and when the earth, thoroughly soaked, sends back the vapors into the air.

Latin: Sed vehemens imber fit, ubi vehementer utraque nubila vi cumulata premuntur et impete venti. at retinere diu pluviae longumque morari consuerunt, ubi multa cientur semina aquarum atque aliis aliae nubes nimbique rigantes insuper atque omni vulgo de parte feruntur, terraque cum fumans umorem tota redhalat.

Munro: When in such a case the sun has shone with his rays amid the murky tempest right opposite the dripping rain-clouds, then the color of the rainbow shows itself among the black ,clouds.

Dunster: And when the sun, in a dark storm of rain, strikes with its beams directly upon an opposite cloud, full of moisture, then you see the colors of the rainbow drawn upon the black clouds.

Latin: Hic ubi sol radiis tempestatem inter opacam adversa fulsit nimborum aspargine contra, tum color in nigris existit nubibus arqui.

Munro: As to the other things which grow by themselves and are formed by themselves, as well as the things which are formed within the clouds, all, without exception all, snow, winds, hail, and cold hoarfrosts and the great force of ice, the great congealing power of waters, and the stop which everywhere curbs running rivers, it is yet most easy to find out and apprehend in mind how all these things take place and in what way they are formed, when you have fully understood the properties assigned to elements.

Dunster: And all other appearances which are formed and increase in the upper regions of the air., and all the meteors that are raised in the clouds, the snow, the winds, the hail, and chilling frosts, and the strong ice that hardens the surface of the waters, and stops and binds up the current of rivers as they flow; it is easy to account for all these, and to apprehend their causes, and how they are produced, if you consider well the virtue and power of the seeds from whence they spring.

Latin: Cetera quae sursum crescunt sursumque creantur, et quae concrescunt in nubibus, omnia, prorsum omnia, nix venti grando gelidaeque pruinae et vis magna geli, magnum duramen aquarum, et mora quae fluvios passim refrenat aventis, perfacilest tamen haec reperire animoque videre, omnia quo pacto fiant quareve creentur, cum bene cognoris elementis reddita quae sint.

Munro: Now mark and learn what the law of earthquakes is. And first of all take for granted that the earth below us as well as above is filled in all parts with windy caverns and bears within its bosom many lakes and many chasms, cliffs and craggy rocks; and you must suppose that many rivers hidden beneath the crust of the earth roll on with violence waves and submerged stones; for the very nature of the case requires it to be throughout like to itself.

Dunster: Learn now the cause of earthquakes: And first, you are to suppose that the Earth is the same below as it is above, that it is every way full of winds and caverns, and that it holds within its bowels many lakes, and pools, and rocks, and broken stones. You must believe that many hidden rivers flow with rapid waves within, and roll the jagged rocks along their tide, for the laws of nature require that the Earth within and without should be the same.

Latin: Nunc age, quae ratio terrai motibus extet percipe. et in primis terram fac ut esse rearis supter item ut supera ventosis undique plenam speluncis multosque lacus multasque lucunas in gremio gerere et rupes deruptaque saxa; multaque sub tergo terrai flumina tecta volvere vi fluctus summersos [cae]ca putandumst; undique enim similem esse sui res postulat ipsa.

Munro: With such things then attached and placed below, the earth quakes above from the shock of great falling masses, when underneath time has undermined vast caverns; whole mountains indeed fall in, and in an instant from the mighty shock tremblings spread themselves far and wide from that center. And with good cause, since buildings beside a road tremble throughout when shaken by a wagon of not such very great weight; and they rock no less, where any sharp pebble on the road jolts up the iron tires of the wheels on both sides.

Dunster: This being premised and supposed: the Earth trembles and shakes above with dreadful ruin, when age has tumbled in these mighty caverns; for then whole mountains sink, and in a moment, with the horrid shock, spread frightful tremblings all abroad. And no wonder, since whole houses by the highway-side will quake as carts, with no great weight, pass through the streets, and so they start as chariots swiftly drive with mettled horses, they shake at every jumping of the wheel.

Latin: His igitur rebus subiunctis suppositisque terra superne tremit magnis concussa ruinis, subter ubi ingentis speluncas subruit aetas; quippe cadunt toti montes magnoque repente concussu late disserpunt inde tremores. et merito, quoniam plaustris concussa tremescunt tecta viam propter non magno pondere tota, nec minus exultant, si quidvis cumque viai ferratos utrimque rotarum succutit orbes.

Munro: Sometimes too, when an enormous mass of soil through age rolls down from the land into great and extensive pools of water, the earth rocks and sways with the undulation of the water; just as a vessel at times cannot rest, until the liquid within has ceased to sway about in unsteady undulations.

Dunster: This happens likewise when great weights of earth, loosened by time, plunge down into these deep and mighty lakes, for then the waters rage, and the earth reels and staggers with the shock; as a vessel on the ground cannot stand firm unless the liquor ceases to ferment and toss within.

Latin: Fit quoque, ubi in magnas aquae vastasque lucunas gleba vetustate e terra provolvitur ingens, ut iactetur aquae fluctu quoque terra vacillans; ut vas inter [aquas] non quit constare, nisi umor destitit in dubio fluctu iactarier intus.

Munro: Again when the wind gathering itself together in the hollow places underground bears down on one point and pushing on presses with great violence the deep caverns, the earth leans over on the side to which the headlong violence of the wind presses. Then all buildings which are above ground, and ever the more, the more they tower up towards heaven, lean over and bulge out yielding in the same direction, and the timbers wrenched from their supports hangover ready to give way. And yet men shrink from believing that a time of destruction and ruin awaits the nature of the great world, though they see so great a mass of earth hang ready to fall! And if the winds did not abate their blowing, no force could rein things in or hold them up on their road to destruction. As it is, because by turns they do abate and then increase in violence, and so to speak rally and return to the charge, and then are defeated and retire, for this reason the earth oftener threatens to fall than really falls: it leans over and then sways back again, and after tumbling forward recovers in equal poise its fixed position. For this reason the whole house rocks, the top more than the middle, the middle than the bottom, the bottom in a very very slight degree.

Dunster: Besides, when winds, collected in the caverns of the earth, direct their force one way, and beat with fury on these hollow places, the earth inclines that way where the winds point their stroke; and our buildings raised above, nod that way too. The highest shake the most; the hanging beams start from the wall, and threaten to fly out. And yet men are afraid to think that Nature has fixed a fatal time when this great world shall be destroyed, and fall to ruin, although they see the heavy mass of earth leaning and tumbling to pieces. And did not the winds take time to breathe, nothing could check their fury, or keep them from destroying everything before them. But since they cease by turns, then rage again, and storm with double force, and are again repelled, hence it is that the earth oftener threatens us with ruin than actually effects it. It inclines only, and then falls back, and though moved aside, settles with all its weight again in its former place. For this reason all our houses tremble and reel; the highest shakes the most, the middle less, the lowest little or nothing.

Latin: Praeterea ventus cum per loca subcava terrae collectus parte ex una procumbit et urget obnixus magnis speluncas viribus altas, incumbit tellus quo venti prona premit vis. tum supera terram quae sunt extructa domorum ad caelumque magis quanto sunt edita quaeque, inclinata minent in eandem prodita partem protractaeque trabes inpendent ire paratae. et metuunt magni naturam credere mundi exitiale aliquod tempus clademque manere, cum videant tantam terrarum incumbere molem! quod nisi respirent venti, [vis] nulla refrenet res neque ab exitio possit reprehendere euntis; nunc quia respirant alternis inque gravescunt et quasi collecti redeunt ceduntque repulsi, saepius hanc ob rem minitatur terra ruinas quam facit; inclinatur enim retroque recellit et recipit prolapsa suas in pondere sedes. hac igitur ratione vacillant omnia tecta, summa magis mediis, media imis, ima perhilum.

Munro: The same great quaking likewise arises from this cause, when on a sudden the wind and some enormous force of air gathering either from without or within the earth have flung themselves into the hollows of the earth, and there chafe at first with much uproar among the great caverns and are carried on with a whirling motion, and when their force afterwards stirred and lashed into fury bursts abroad and at the same moment cleaves the deep earth and opens up a great yawning chasm. This fell out in Syrian Sidon and took place at Aegium in the Peloponnese, two towns which an outbreak of wind of this sort and the ensuing earthquake threw down. And many walled places besides fell down by great commotions on land and many towns sank down engulfed in the sea together with their burghers.

Dunster: The great tremblings of the earth may arise yet from another cause, when wind or violent blasts (raised either from without or within the earth itself) throw themselves furiously into these hollow caverns, and in these vast dens roar and toss themselves about, and when they have rolled within, and raged with all their might, they break abroad at last, and cleave the solid Earth, and make a hideous chasm. This happened at Sidon, a city of the Tyrians, and at Aegae in Peloponnesus. What cities has this eruption of the wind destroyed? What earthquakes has it produced? At land, the walls of many towns have tumbled down by these violent concussions; and many cities, with all its inhabitants, have sunk together into the sea.

Latin: Est haec eiusdem quoque magni causa tremoris. ventus ubi atque animae subito vis maxima quaedam aut extrinsecus aut ipsa tellure coorta in loca se cava terrai coniecit ibique speluncas inter magnas fremit ante tumultu versabunda portatur, post incita cum vis exagitata foras erumpitur et simul altam diffindens terram magnum concinnat hiatum. in Syria Sidone quod accidit et fuit Aegi in Peloponneso, quas exitus hic animai disturbat urbes et terrae motus obortus. multaque praeterea ceciderunt moenia magnis motibus in terris et multae per mare pessum subsedere suis pariter cum civibus urbes.

Munro: And if they do not break out, still the impetuous fury of the air and the fierce violence of the wind spread over the numerous passages of the earth like a shivering-fit and thereby cause a trembling; just as cold when it has pierced into our frames to the very marrow, sets them a-shivering in spite of themselves, forcing them to shake and move. Men are therefore disturbed by a twofold terror throughout their cities: they fear the roofs above their heads, they dread lest the nature of the earth in a moment break up her caverns underneath, and rent asunder display her own wide-gaping maw and wildly tumbled together seek to fill it up with her own ruins.

Dunster: But if the wind does not break through, yet the fury and raging force of its blasts are scattered through the many pores of the earth like a shivering cold, and cause a shuddering in its bowels; as the Cold, when it seizes upon our limbs, makes us shake against our will, and tremble all over. Then men stagger with doubtful fear in all the cities; they are in dread of their houses above them, and of the earth under their feet, lest Nature should instantly break to pieces the caverns below; lest the divided earth should open wide its jaws and fill them with the utter desolation of men and houses.

Latin: Quod nisi prorumpit, tamen impetus ipse animai et fera vis venti per crebra foramina terrae dispertitur ut horror et incutit inde tremorem; frigus uti nostros penitus cum venit in artus, concutit invitos cogens tremere atque movere. ancipiti trepidant igitur terrore per urbis, tecta superne timent, metuunt inferne cavernas terrai ne dissoluat natura repente, neu distracta suum late dispandat hiatum idque suis confusa velit complere ruinis.

Munro: Let them then fancy as much as they please that heaven and earth shall be incorruptible and consigned to an everlasting exemption from decay; and yet sometimes the very present force of danger applies on some side or other this goad of fear among others, that the earth shall in an instant be withdrawn from under their feet and carried down into the pit, and that the sum of things shall utterly give way and follow after and a jumbled wreck of world ensue.

Dunster: Even those who think the heavens and the earth are eternal, and will be preserved safe forever, yet the present dread of impending danger staggers them, and raises terrible apprehensions, lest the earth should instantly fall under their feet and sink into the great abyss; lest the dissolution of the universe, from the very foundation, should follow, and the fabric of the world should fall into ruin and confusion.

Latin: Proinde licet quamvis caelum terramque reantur incorrupta fore aeternae mandata saluti: et tamen inter dum praesens vis ipsa pericli subdit et hunc stimulum quadam de parte timoris, ne pedibus raptim tellus subtracta feratur in barathrum rerumque sequatur prodita summa funditus et fiat mundi confusa ruina. * * *

Munro: First of all they wonder that nature does not increase the bulk of the sea, when there is so great a flow of water into it, when all rivers from all quarters fall into it. Add to these passing rains and flying storms, which bespatter every sea and moisten every land; add its own springs; yet all these compared with the sum of the sea will be like an addition of bulk hardly amounting to a single drop; it is therefore the less wonderful that the great sea does not increase.

Dunster: And now we are to account why the waters of the sea are never increased. And first, men wonder that nature does not enlarge the bounds of the sea, in proportion to the falls of water, and the streams of so many rivers that from all parts flow into it. Besides the wandering showers and flying storms that pour down and discharge themselves upon lands and seas, you may add the fountains and springs likewise. But all these, compared to the vastness of the sea, are hardly more than one drop of water, and therefore can contribute little to its increase. No wonder then that the wide sea rolls within the same bounds.

Latin: Principio mare mirantur non reddere maius naturam, quo sit tantus decursus aquarum, omnia quo veniant ex omni flumina parte. adde vagos imbris tempestatesque volantes, omnia quae maria ac terras sparguntque rigantque; adde suos fontis; tamen ad maris omnia summam guttai vix instar erunt unius adaugmen; quo minus est mirum mare non augescere magnum.

Munro: Again the sun absorbs a great deal with his heat: we see him with his burning rays thoroughly dry clothes dripping with wet: but we know seas to be many in number and to stretch over a wide surface. Therefore however small the portion of moisture which the sun draws off the surface from any one spot, it will yet in so vast an expanse take largely from its waters.

Dunster: And then the Sun licks up a great part of its water with its heat, for we see the Sun dries a garment, dripping wet, with its burning rays. And the sea, we know, is widely spread, and exposed to the influence of his beams. And though the Sun draws up but a very little quantity of moisture from every part of the sea, yet, with so vast a circumference a great store of water must be drawn off.

Latin: Praeterea magnam sol partem detrahit aestu. quippe videmus enim vestis umore madentis exsiccare suis radiis ardentibus solem; at pelage multa et late substrata videmus. proinde licet quamvis ex uno quoque loco sol umoris parvam delibet ab aequore partem, largiter in tanto spatio tamen auferet undis.

Munro: Then again the winds too may withdraw a great deal of moisture as they sweep over the surface, since we very often see the roads dried by the winds in a single night and the soft mud form into hard crusts.

Dunster: The winds likewise, brushing over the surface of the sea, carry off a large part; for we observe the roads are frequently dried in one night, and the soft dirt grows hard.

Latin: Tum porro venti quoque magnam tollere partem umoris possunt verrentes aequora, ventis una nocte vias quoniam persaepe videmus siccari mollisque luti concrescere crustas.

Munro: Again I have shown that the clouds take off much moisture too imbibed from the great surface of the sea and scatter it about over the whole earth, when it rains on land and the winds carry on the clouds.

Dunster: Besides, I have shown that the clouds suck up a great deal of moisture from the wide sea, and then scatter it down over the whole earth, when the rain falls, and the winds drive the clouds through the sky.

Latin: Praeterea docui multum quoque tollere nubes umorem magno conceptum ex aequore ponti et passim toto terrarum spargere in orbi, cum pluit in terris et venti nubila portant.

Munro: Lastly since the earth is of a porous body and is in contact with the sea, girding its shores all round, just as water comes from the earth into the sea, in the same way it must ooze into the land out of the salt sea; for the salt is strained off and the matter of liquid streams back again to the source and all flows together to the river-heads, and then passes anew over the lands in afresh current, where a channel once scooped out has carried down the waters with liquid foot.

Dunster: Lastly, since the earth is of a rare contexture, and full of pores, and every way surrounds the body of the sea which joins to it, it follows that, as the waters flow from the earth into the sea, so they must return from thence into the earth again. In these subterraneous passages the saline particles are strained off, and the waters flow back, and unite together at the fountainheads, from whence they glide sweetly, with their collected strength, over the earth, through those channels where the streams first cut their liquid way.

Latin: Postremo quoniam raro cum corpore tellus est et coniunctast oras maris undique cingens, debet, ut in mare de terris venit umor aquai, in terras itidem manare ex aequore salso; percolatur enim virus retroque remanat materies umoris et ad caput amnibus omnis confluit, inde super terras redit agmine dulci qua via secta semel liquido pede detulit undas.

Munro: And now I will explain why it is that fires breathe forth at times through the gorges of mount Aetna with such hurricane-like fury; for with a destroying force of no ordinary kind the flame-storm gathered itself up and lording it over the lands of the Sicilians drew on itself the gaze of neighboring nations, when seeing all the quarters of heaven smoke and sparkle men were filled in heart with awe-struck apprehension, not knowing what strange change nature was travailing to work.

Dunster: Now learn the cause why fires break out with so much fury from the jaws of mount Aetna; for we are not to suppose such a tempest of fire rages over the pains of Sicily, and brings such destruction with it from the gods, as if it only raised the admiration of all the neighboring people, who seeing the whole heavens sparkling with fire, and full of smoke, trembled with anxious concern and wondered what new phenomenon nature was going to produce.

Latin: Nunc ratio quae sit, per fauces montis ut Aetnae expirent ignes inter dum turbine tanto, expediam; neque enim mediocri clade coorta flammae tempestas Siculum dominata per agros finitimis ad se convertit gentibus ora, fumida cum caeli scintillare omnia templa cernentes pavida complebant pectora cura, quid moliretur rerum natura novarum.

Munro: In these matters you must look far and deep and make a wide survey in all directions, in order to bear in mind that the sum of things is unfathomable and to perceive how very small, how inconceivably minute a fraction of the whole sum one heaven is, not so large a fraction of it as one man is of the whole earth. If you should clearly comprehend, clearly see this point well put, you would cease to wonder at many things.

Dunster: The reason of these events requires a deeper and wider search. You must enter further into all their parts, and then you will recollect that the universe of things is infinite, and observe how small a part (scarce one of a thousand) is one heaven, in comparison of the whole, and what a poor pittance of the whole earth is one man. If you consider this well, and observe closely, you will cease wondering at many things which now raise your admiration.

Latin: Hisce tibi in rebus latest alteque videndum et longe cunctas in partis dispiciendum, ut reminiscaris summam rerum esse profundam et videas caelum summai totius unum quam sit parvula pars et quam multesima constet nec tota pars, homo terrai quota totius unus. quod bene propositum si plane contueare ac videas plane, mirari multa relinquas.

Munro: Does any one among us wonder if he has gotten into his frame a fever that has broken out with burning heat, or into his body the pains of any other disease? The foot suddenly swells, sharp pain often seizes the teeth, or else attacks the eyes; the holy fire breaks out and creeping over the body burns whatever part it has seized upon, and spreads over the frame, because sure enough there are seeds of many things, and this earth and heaven bring to us evil enough to allow of a measureless amount of disease springing up. In this way then we must suppose that all things are supplied out of the infinite to the whole heaven and earth in quantity sufficient to allow the earth in a moment to be shaken and stirred, and a rapid hurricane to scour over sea and land, the fire of Aetna to overflow, the heaven to be in flames; for that too is seen and the heavenly quarters are on fire; and rain-storms gather in a heavier mass, when the seeds of water have haply come together for such an end.

Dunster: For where is the wonder with any of us if a man receives the burning heat of a fever within his veins, or feels the anguish of any other disease in his limbs? For our foot often swells of a sudden, a sharp pain frequently seizes upon our teeth, and attacks our eyes. There is such a thing as the Holy Fire, that spreads over the body, and burns the part if fixes upon, and creeps over the limbs. Nothing strange! For the seeds of things are in great abundance, and the earth and the heavens affords sufficient supplies of hurtful seeds from whence the sharpest diseases may be produced in us. And therefore you must think that large store of seeds may flow from the infinite space and supply the earth and the whole heavens. These may cause those sudden and violent tremblings of the earth, that rapid whirlwinds scour along the land and sea, and that there is abundant fuel for the flames of Aetna, and that the sky is all in a blaze. For this happens and the heavens are on fire, when the seeds of flame unite, as the storms of rain are the more violent when the seeds of water are collected and joined together.

Latin: Numquis enim nostrum miratur, siquis in artus accepit calido febrim fervore coortam aut alium quemvis morbi per membra dolorem? opturgescit enim subito pes, arripit acer saepe dolor dentes, oculos invadit in ipsos, existit sacer ignis et urit corpore serpens quam cumque arripuit partem repitque per artus, ni mirum quia sunt multarum semina rerum et satis haec tellus morbi caelumque mali fert, unde queat vis immensi procrescere morbi. sic igitur toti caelo terraeque putandumst ex infinito satis omnia suppeditare, unde repente queat tellus concussa moveri perque mare ac terras rapidus percurrere turbo, ignis abundare Aetnaeus, flammescere caelum; id quoque enim fit et ardescunt caelestia templa et tempestates pluviae graviore coortu sunt, ubi forte ita se tetulerunt semina aquarum.

Munro: “Ay, but the stormy rage of the conflagration is too gigantic.” Yes, and so any river you like is greatest to him who has never before seen any greater, and thus a tree and a man seem gigantic, and in the case of all things of all kinds the greatest a man has seen he fancies to be gigantic, though yet all things with heaven and earth and sea included are nothing to the whole sum of the universal sum.

Dunster: But you will say the fire of Aetna is too great and impetuous. By the same rule a river, not very large, appears a mighty stream to one who never saw a greater, and so a man or a tree that seems prodigious, and all other bodies that we see, we imagine are extraordinary; when alas! all beings, with the heavens, the earth, and the sea together, are nothing to the vast universe of all.

Latin: 'At nimis est ingens incendi turbidus ardor.' scilicet et fluvius qui visus maximus ei, qui non ante aliquem maiorem vidit, et ingens arbor homoque videtur et omnia de genere omni maxima quae vidit quisque, haec ingentia fingit, cum tamen omnia cum caelo terraque marique nil sint ad summam summai totius omnem.

Munro: And now at last I will explain in what ways yon flame roused to fury in a moment blazes forth from the huge furnaces of Aetna. And first the nature of the whole mountain is hollow underneath, underpropped throughout with caverns of basalt rocks. Furthermore in all caves are wind and air; for wind is produced, when the air has been stirred and put in motion. When this air has been thoroughly heated and raging about has imparted its heat to all the rocks round, wherever it comes in contact with them, and to the earth, and has struck out from them fire burning with swift flames, it rises up and then forces itself out on high straight through the gorges; and so carries its heat far and scatters far its ashes and rolls on smoke of a thick pitchy blackness and flings out at the same time stones of prodigious weight; leaving no doubt that this is the stormy force of air.

Dunster: And now I shall explain by what means the raging flame bursts suddenly abroad from the vast fiery entrails of this mountain. And first, Nature has formed the whole mountain hollow within, and supports these cavities by arches of stone. Now all caverns are filled with wind and air, for air, when it is violently moved, becomes wind. And this wind, when it is grown hot, and furiously whirling about, has inflamed the stones and the earth by beating upon them, and from them has struck out sparks of fire with rapid flame. Then it raises itself up, and throws itself violently out of the open jaws at the top into the air. Then it pours the fire abroad, and spreads the burning embers all about, and belches dusty clouds of rolling smoke, and shoots out rocks of wondrous weight. This, no doubt, is done by furious blasts of wind within.

Latin: Nunc tamen illa modis quibus inritata repente flamma foras vastis Aetnae fornacibus efflet, expediam. primum totius subcava montis est natura fere silicum suffulta cavernis. omnibus est porro in speluncis ventus et aeër. ventus enim fit, ubi est agitando percitus aeër. hic ubi percaluit cale fecitque omnia circum saxa furens, qua contingit, terramque et ab ollis excussit calidum flammis velocibus ignem, tollit se ac rectis ita faucibus eicit alte. fert itaque ardorem longe longeque favillam differt et crassa volvit caligine fumum extruditque simul mirando pondere saxa; ne dubites quin haec animai turbida sit vis.

Munro: Again the sea to a great extent breaks its waves and sucks back its surf at the roots of that mountain. Caverns reach from this sea as far as the deep gorges of the mountain below. Through these you must admit \[that air mixed up with water passes; and\] the nature of the case compels \[this air to enter in from that\] open sea and pass right within and then go out in blasts and so lift up flame and throw out stones and raise clouds of sand; for on the summit are craters, as they name them in their own language; what we call gorges and mouths.

Dunster: Besides, the sea, for a great way, dashes its waves against the roots of this mountain, and then again sucks up its tide. The waters press into these caverns that lie directly under those open jaws above. This you must allow, and the flames yielding to the driving flood there force their passage out, and fly abroad, and cast the fire on high, and throw out rocks, and raise whole clouds of sand, for on the summit there are certain basins where wind is generated: the Greeks call them so; we call them mouths and jaws.

Latin: Praeterea magna ex parti mare montis ad eius radices frangit fluctus aestumque resolvit. ex hoc usque mari speluncae montis ad altas perveniunt subter fauces. hac ire fatendumst * * * et penetrare mari penitus res cogit aperto atque efflare foras ideoque extollere flammam saxaque subiectare et arenae tollere nimbos. in summo sunt vertice enim crateres, ut ipsi nominitant, nos quod fauces perhibemus et ora.

Munro: There are things too not a few for which it is not sufficient to assign one cause; you must give several, one of which at the same time is the real cause. For instance should you see the lifeless body of a man lying at some distance, it would be natural to mention all the different causes of death, in order that the one real cause of that man’s death be mentioned among them. Thus you may be able to prove that he has not died by steel or cold or from disease or haply from poison; yet we know that it is something of this kind which has befallen him; and so in many other cases we may make the same remark.

Dunster: There are some things, observe, for which it is not sufficient to assign one reason, but many: out of which only one is the true. As when you see the dead body of a man lying at a distance upon the ground, you are to recollect all the causes which possibly might occasion his death in order to find out the right, for you cannot correctly say whether he died by the sword, or by cold, or by disease, or perhaps by poison, though we know it was by one of these, and every one thinks so. The same method you are to observe in many other cases.

Latin: Sunt aliquot quoque res quarum unam dicere causam non satis est, verum pluris, unde una tamen sit; corpus ut exanimum siquod procul ipse iacere conspicias hominis, fit ut omnis dicere causas conveniat leti, dicatur ut illius una; nam [ne]que eum ferro nec frigore vincere possis interiisse neque a morbo neque forte veneno, verum aliquid genere esse ex hoc quod contigit ei scimus. item in multis hoc rebus dicere habemus.

Munro: The Nile rises every summer and overflows the plains, that one sole river throughout the whole land of Egypt. It waters Egypt often in the middle of the hot season, either because in summer there are north winds opposite its mouths, which at that time of year go by the name of etesian winds. Blowing up the river they retard it and driving the waters backwards fill its channel full and force the river to stand still; for beyond a doubt these blasts which start from the icy constellations of the pole are carried right up the stream. That river comes from the south out of the heat-fraught country, rising far up from the central region of day among races of men black in their sun-baked complexion.

Dunster: The Nile, the only river in all Egypt, increases in the summer, and overflows the fields. It waters the country of Egypt about the middle of summer either because in summer the north winds are opposite to the mouths of the river, at the season when the Etesia's blow, and beating hard against the stream stop the current, and driving the waters upwards fill the channel, and force back the flood; for without doubt those northern winds blow directly against the tide. The river flows from the warm climate of the south and divides the country of the black Aethiopians that are thoroughly sodden with the sun's heat, and rises far in the most southern part of the world.

Latin: Nilus in aestatem crescit campisque redundat unicus in terris, Aegypti totius amnis. is rigat Aegyptum medium per saepe calorem, aut quia sunt aestate aquilones ostia contra, anni tempore eo, qui etesiae esse feruntur, et contra fluvium flantes remorantur et undas cogentes sursus replent coguntque manere. nam dubio procul haec adverso flabra feruntur flumine, quae gelidis ab stellis axis aguntur; ille ex aestifera parti venit amnis ab austro inter nigra virum percocto saecla colore exoriens penitus media ab regione diei.

Munro: It is quite possible too that the great accumulation of sand may bar up the mouths against the opposing waves, when the sea stirred up by the winds throws up the sand within the channel; whereby the outlet of the river is rendered less free and the current of the waters at the same time less rapid in its downward flow.

Dunster: And it may be that great heaps of sand that are raised against the stream choke the mouths of the river when the sea, by the violence of the winds, drives the sand into the channel and stops it up. By this means the passages of the river are more confined and the current of the water is slower and of less force.

Latin: Est quoque uti possit magnus congestus harenae fluctibus adversis oppilare ostia contra, cum mare permotum ventis ruit intus harenam; quo fit uti pacto liber minus exitus amnis et proclivis item fiat minus impetus undis.

Munro: It may be also that the rains are more frequent at its source in that season, because the etesian blasts of the north winds drive all the clouds together into those parts at that time. And, you are to know, when they have been driven on to the central region of day and have gathered together, then the clouds jammed close against the high mountains are massed together and violently compressed.

Dunster: Or perhaps the rains are more violent near the head of the river at that season of the year when the Etesian winds blow from the north, and drive all the clouds to the more southern parts. When the clouds meet in that warm quarter they are condensed and pressed hard against the high mountains, and by that force the rain is squeezed out.

Latin: Fit quoque uti pluviae forsan magis ad caput ei tempore eo fiant, quo etesia flabra aquilonum nubila coniciunt in eas tunc omnia partis. scilicet, ad mediam regionem eiecta diei cum convenerunt, ibi ad altos denique montis contrusae nubes coguntur vique premuntur.

Munro: Perhaps too it gets its increase high up from the lofty mountains of the Ethiopians, when the all-surveying sun with his thawing rays constrains the white snows to descend into the plains.

Dunster: Or, lastly, the increase in the river may proceed from the high mountains of the Aethiopians when the sun, that searches all things with his dissolving rays, forces the melted snow to descend into the plains.

Latin: Forsitan Aethiopum penitus de montibus altis crescat, ubi in campos albas descendere ningues tabificis subigit radiis sol omnia lustrans.

Munro: Now mark, and I will make clear to you what kind of nature the several Avernian places and lakes possess.

Dunster: And now the nature of that place or lake we call Avernan I shall next explain.

Latin: Nunc age, Averna tibi quae sint loca cumque lacusque,

Munro: First of all, as to the name Avemian by which they are called, it has been given to them from their real nature, because they are noxious to all birds; for when they have arrived in flight just opposite those spots, they forget to row with their wings, they drop their sails and fall with soft neck outstretched headlong to the earth, if so be that the nature of the ground admit of that, or into the water, if so be that a lake of Avernus spreads below. There is such a spot at Cumae, where the mountains are charged with acrid sulfur, and smoke enriched with hot springs.

Dunster: And first, it takes its name from its effect, because tis fatal to birds; for when the feathered kind fly to this place their flight is stopped, they flutter in the air, and fall with hanging wing and bended head upon the earth, if haply it be earth, or in the water if it be a lake. At Cuma there is a place like this, and on the Mount Vesuvius, which, filled with burning sulphur, throws out smoke.

Latin: Expediam, quali natura praedita constent. principio, quod Averna vocantur nomine, id ab re inpositumst, quia sunt avibus contraria cunctis, e regione ea quod loca cum venere volantes, remigii oblitae pennarum vela remittunt praecipitesque cadunt molli cervice profusae in terram, si forte ita fert natura locorum, aut in aquam, si forte lacus substratus Averni. is locus est Cumas aput, acri sulpure montis oppleti calidis ubi fumant fontibus aucti.

Munro: Such a spot there also is within the Athenian walls, on the very summit of the citadel, beside the temple of bountiful Tritonian Pallas; which croaking crows never come near on the wing; no not when the high altars smoke with offerings: so constantly they fly, not before the sharp wrath of Pallas for the sake of yon vigil kept, as the poets of the Greeks have sung, but the nature of the place suffices by its own proper power.

Dunster: Another of the same there is within the walls of Athens, upon the top of that high tower near which the kind Tritonian Pallas has her temple. Here the hoarse ravens never steer their flight, not when the altars smoke with slaughtered victims. They do not shun this tower to fly the rage of angry Pallas for their officious care, as Greek poets sing, but tis the noxious nature of the place that drives them hence.

Latin: Est et Athenaeis in moenibus, arcis in ipso vertice, Palladis ad templum Tritonidis almae, quo numquam pennis appellunt corpora raucae cornices, non cum fumant altaria donis; usque adeo fugitant non iras Palladis acris pervigili causa, Graium ut cecinere poeëtae, sed natura loci opus efficit ipsa suapte.

Munro: In Syria too as well a spot, we are told, is found to exist of such a sort that as soon as ever even four-footed beasts have entered in, its mere natural power forces them to fall down heavily, just as if they were felled in a moment as sacrifices to the manes gods.

Dunster: They say there's such a place as this in Syria, where beasts no sooner venture with their feet but the pernicious vapor strikes them dead, as if by sudden stroke they fell a sacrifice to infernal gods.

Latin: In Syria quoque fertur item locus esse videri, quadripedes quoque quo simul ac vestigia primum intulerint, graviter vis cogat concidere ipsa, manibus ut si sint divis mactata repente.

Munro: Now all these things go on by a natural law, and it is quite plain whence spring the causes from which they are produced; that the gate of Orcus be not haply believed to exist in such spots; and next we imagine that the manes gods from beneath do haply draw souls down from them to the borders of Acheron; as wing-footed stags are supposed often by their scent to draw out from their holes the savage serpent-tribes. How widely opposed to true reason this is, now learn; for now I essay to tell of the real fact.

Dunster: All these things proceed from natural causes, and what these causes are will soon appear, by tracing out their principles, lest you should think in places such as these Hell-Gates are fixed, and fancy that the gods below draw through these passages departed souls into the infernal shades, as the swift deer are said by smelling to draw out the lurking serpents from their holes. But how absurd to reason are such thoughts; observe, for now I am going to explain.

Latin: Omnia quae naturali ratione geruntur, et quibus e fiant causis apparet origo; ianua ne pote eis Orci regionibus esse credatur, post hinc animas Acheruntis in oras ducere forte deos manis inferne reamur, naribus alipedes ut cervi saepe putantur ducere de latebris serpentia saecla ferarum. quod procul a vera quam sit ratione repulsum percipe; nam de re nunc ipsa dicere conor.

Munro: First of all I say, as I have often said before, that in the earth are elements of things of every kind: many, which serve for food, helpful to life; and many whose property it is to cause diseases and hasten death. And we have shown before that one thing is more adapted to one, another thing to another living creature for the purposes of life, because of their natures and their textures and their primary elements being all unlike the one to the other. Many which are noxious pass through the ears, many make their way too through the nostrils, dangerous and harsh when they come in contact; and not a few are to be shunned by the touch, and not a few to be avoided by the sight, and others are nauseous in taste.

Dunster: And first I say, as I have often said before, that in the earth are seeds of things of very shape, many that prolong the life of man, and many that inflict disease and hasten death. And I have shown that there are other seeds peculiarly disposed to serve the use of other creatures, and support their life; because these seeds are different in their nature they vary in their texture and their shape. Many hurtful seeds pass through the ears and many sharp and stinking seeds affect the nose; some are offensive to the touch, some to be avoided by the sight, and others bitter to the taste.

Latin: Principio hoc dico, quod dixi saepe quoque ante, in terra cuiusque modi rerum esse figuras; multa, cibo quae sunt, vitalia multaque, morbos incutere et mortem quae possint adcelerare. et magis esse aliis alias animantibus aptas res ad vitai rationem ostendimus ante propter dissimilem naturam dissimilisque texturas inter sese primasque figuras. multa meant inimica per auris, multa per ipsas insinuant naris infesta atque aspera tactu, nec sunt multa parum tactu vitanda neque autem aspectu fugienda saporeque tristia quae sint.

Munro: Again you may see how many things are for man of a virulently noxious sensation and are nauseous and oppressive; to certain trees for instance has been given so very oppressive a shade that they often cause headaches when a man has lain down under them extended on the grass. There is a tree too on the great hills of Helicon which has the property of killing a man by the noisome scent of its flower. All these things you are to know rise up out of the earth, because it contains many seeds of many things in many ways mixed up together and gives them out in a state of separation. Again when a newly extinguished night-light encounters the nostrils with its acrid stench, it sends to sleep then and there a man who from disease is subject to falling down and foaming at the mouth. A woman is put to sleep by oppressive castor and falls back in her seat, and her gay work drops out of her soft hands, if she has smelt it at the time when she has her monthly discharges. And many things besides relax through all the frame the fainting limbs and shake the soul in its seats within. Then too if you linger long in the hot baths when you are somewhat full and do bathe, how liable you are to tumble down in a fit while seated in the midst of the hot water! Again, how readily do the oppressive power and fumes of charcoal make their way into the brain, if we have not first taken water! But when burning violently it has filled the chambers of a house, the fumes of the virulent substance act on the nerves like a murderous blow. See you not too that even within the earth sulfur is generated and asphalt forms incrustations of a noisome stench? See you not, when they are following up the veins of silver and gold and searching with the pick quite into the bowels of the earth, what stenches Scaptensula exhales from below? Then what mischief do gold mines exhale! To what state do they reduce men’s faces and what a complexion they produce! Know you not by sight or hearsay how they commonly perish in a short time and how all vital power fails those whom the hard compulsion of necessity confines in such an employment? All such exhalations then the earth steams forth and breathes out into the open air and light of heaven.

Dunster: And thus you see how many things there are deadly, distasteful, odious to the sense. Some trees are so pernicious by their shade that they affect the head with grievous pain if one lies on the grass beneath the boughs. There is a tree that grows on the high hill of Helicon, whose blossoms by their smell give present death; for in the earth are seeds of every kind, variously mixed, which she with curious art separates and applies to things, as each in its own nature most requires. A lamp, just extinguished, is by its smell so offensive to the nose that it stupefies, as if a man were struck down by a fit of apoplexy. A woman will fall dead asleep at the nauseous smell of an ointment made of the testicles of the beaver; her fine work will drop from her tender fingers, especially if she smells it when her fluors are upon her. Besides, there are many things that entirely dissolve the feeble limbs all over the body, and shake the soul within out of her place. If you stay long in a warm bath, and continue in the vessel of hot water when the belly is full, how apt will you be to faint before you get out? The suffocating power of charcoal and its stifling smell, how soon do they find a passage to the brain, unless you have drank plentifully of water before?When a burning fever has seized upon the limbs, the smell of wine is like a stroke that takes away the sense. Don't you observe likewise that sulphur and bitumen, with its noxious smell, are generated in the bowels of the earth itself? And so when men pursue the veins of gold and silver, and with their tools dig in the very entrails of the earth, what hurtful vapors do the mines exhale? What deadly damps flow from the golden ore? How wretchedly the miners look? How wan their color? Have you not seen or heard how soon they die, how short their life is who are condemned to this sad servitude? The earth then must needs belch out these poisonous exhalations, and send them all abroad, and taint the open air.

Latin: Deinde videre licet quam multae sint homini res acriter infesto sensu spurcaeque gravisque; arboribus primum certis gravis umbra tributa usque adeo, capitis faciant ut saepe dolores, siquis eas subter iacuit prostratus in herbis. est etiam magnis Heliconis montibus arbos floris odore hominem taetro consueta necare. scilicet haec ideo terris ex omnia surgunt, multa modis multis multarum semina rerum quod permixta gerit tellus discretaque tradit. nocturnumque recens extinctum lumen ubi acri nidore offendit nares, consopit ibidem, concidere et spumas qui morbo mittere suevit. castoreoque gravi mulier sopita recumbit, et manibus nitidum teneris opus effluit ei, tempore eo si odoratast quo menstrua solvit. multaque praeterea languentia membra per artus solvunt atque animam labefactant sedibus intus. denique si calidis etiam cunctere lavabris plenior et lueris, solio ferventis aquai quam facile in medio fit uti des saepe ruinas! carbonumque gravis vis atque odor insinuatur quam facile in cerebrum, nisi aqua praecepimus ante! at cum membra domans percepit fervida febris, tum fit odor vini plagae mactabilis instar. nonne vides etiam terra quoque sulpur in ipsa gignier et taetro concrescere odore bitumen, denique ubi argenti venas aurique secuntur, terrai penitus scrutantes abdita ferro, qualis expiret Scaptensula subter odores? quidve mali fit ut exalent aurata metalla! quas hominum reddunt facies qualisque colores! nonne vides audisve perire in tempore parvo quam soleant et quam vitai copia desit, quos opere in tali cohibet vis magna necessis? hos igitur tellus omnis exaestuat aestus expiratque foras in apertum promptaque caeli.

Munro: Thus too the Avernian spots must send up some power deadly to birds, which rises up from the earth into the air so as to poison a certain portion of the atmosphere; in such a way that a bird as soon as ever it is borne on its wings into it, is then attacked by the unseen poison and so palsied that it tumbles plump down on the spot where this exhalation has its course. And when it falls into it, then the same power of that exhalation robs all its limbs of the remnants of life: first of all it causes a sort of dizziness; but afterwards, when the birds have tumbled into the very springs of the poison, then life too has to be vomited forth, because all round rises up large store of mischievous matter.

Dunster: The Averni thus throw out these deadly streams, so fatal to the birds. They rise out of the earth into the air, and to some distance blast the lower skies. Here, when the bird arrives upon the wing, this latent poison seizes on his blood; his flight is stopped, and down he falls; the force of these effluvia carries off the small remains of life from all his limbs and strikes him dead. These vapours first excite a sort of boiling in all his veins, and when he drops into the fountain whence the poison springs, he dies; for there the noxious vapors rage the most.

Latin: Sic et Averna loca alitibus summittere debent mortiferam vim. de terra quae surgit in auras, ut spatium caeli quadam de parte venenet; quo simul ac primum pennis delata sit ales, impediatur ibi caeco correpta veneno, ut cadat e regione loci, qua derigit aestus. quo cum conruit, hic eadem vis illius aestus reliquias vitae membris ex omnibus aufert. quippe etenim primo quasi quendam conciet aestum; posterius fit uti. cum iam cecidere veneni in fontis ipsos, ibi sit quoque vita vomenda, propterea quod magna mali fit copia circum.

Munro: Sometimes too this power and exhalation of Avernus dispels whatever air lies between the birds and earth, so that almost a void is left there. And when the birds have arrived in their flight just opposite this spot, at once the buoyant force of their pinions is crippled and rendered vain and all the sustaining efforts of their wings are lost on both sides. So when they are unable to buoy themselves up and lean upon their wings, nature, you know, compels them by their weight to tumble down to earth, and lying stark through what is now almost a void they disperse their soul through all the openings of their body.

Dunster: Or else, sometimes, the force and rising blasts of these Averni dispel the air that lies between the birds and the earth, and the intermediate space becomes a void. Here, when birds are carried by their flight, they immediately flutter in the air, they clap their wings in vain, their pinions flag, and when they can no longer bear them up, nature must drive them down upon the earth with all their weight; and as they, helpless, in the vacuum lie, they breathe their soul abroad through every pore.

Latin: Fit quoque ut inter dum vis haec atque aestus Averni aeëra, qui inter avis cumquest terramque locatus. discutiat, prope uti locus hic linquatur inanis. cuius ubi e regione loci venere volantis, claudicat extemplo pinnarum nisus inanis et conamen utrimque alarum proditur omne. hic ubi nixari nequeunt insistereque alis, scilicet in terram delabi pondere cogit natura, et vacuum prope iam per inane iacentes dispergunt animas per caulas corporis omnis. * * *

Munro: [840] Again during summer the water in wells becomes colder, because the earth is rarefied by heat and rapidly sends out into the air whatever seeds of heat it happens to have. The more then the earth is drained of heat, the colder becomes the water which is hidden in the earth. Again when all the earth is compressed by cold and contracts and so to say congeals, then, you are to know, while it contracts, it presses out into the wells whatever heat it contains itself.

Dunster: The water in some wells, we find, is cold in summer, because the earth is rarefied by the sun's heat, and by that means the seeds of fire it contains within break freely out into the Air: And therefore the more the earth is affected by the heat, the colder the water will be that is inclosed within. But when the earth is contracted with the cold, when its surface grows close, and its pores are stopped, this restraint hinders the heat from flying out; it is then squeezed together into the wells, and the water becomes hot.

Latin: Frigidior porro in puteis aestate fit umor, arescit quia terra calore et semina si qua forte vaporis habet proprie, dimittit in auras. quo magis est igitur tellus effeta calore, fit quoque frigidior qui in terrast abditus umor. frigore cum premitur porro omnis terra coitque et quasi concrescit, fit scilicet ut coeundo exprimat in puteos si quem gerit ipsa calorem.

Munro: At the fane of Hammon there is said to be a fountain which is cold in the daylight and hot in the night-time. This fountain men marvel at exceedingly and suppose that it suddenly becomes hot by the influence of the fierce sun below the earth, when night has covered the earth with awful darkness. But this is far far removed from true reason. Why when the sun though in contact with the uncovered body of the water has not been able to make it hot on its upper side, though his light above possesses such great heat, how can he below the earth which is of so dense a body boil the water and glut it with heat? Above all, when he can scarcely with his burning rays force his heat through the walls of houses.

Dunster: There is a fountain, near the temple of Jupiter Ammon, that is cold in the day, and hot by night. Men strangely wonder at the quality of this spring, and imagine that when the night has spread her dreadful darkness over the world the water is warmed by the violent heat of the sun through the body of earth. But this reason is far from being true; for if the sun, striking upon the open body of water, is not able to warm even the surface of it, when it receives the force of his descending rays with all their heat, how can he warm the water, and infuse his heat through so thick a body as the Earth; especially since he is scarce able, with his scorching beams, to pierce through the walls of our houses?

Latin: Esse apud Hammonis fanum fons luce diurna frigidus et calidus nocturno tempore fertur. hunc homines fontem nimis admirantur et acri sole putant subter terras fervescere partim, nox ubi terribili terras caligine texit. quod nimis a verast longe ratione remotum. quippe ubi sol nudum contractans corpus aquai non quierit calidum supera de reddere parte, cum superum lumen tanto fervore fruatur, qui queat hic supter tam crasso corpore terram perquoquere umorem et calido focilare vapore? praesertim cum vix possit per saepta domorum insinuare suum radiis ardentibus aestum.

Munro: What then is the cause? This sure enough: the earth is more porous and warmer round the fountain than the rest of the earth, and there are many seeds of fire near the body of water. For this reason when night has buried the earth in its dewy shadows, the earth at once becomes quite cold and contracts: in this way just as if it were squeezed by the hand it forces out into the fountain whatever seeds of fire it has; and these make the water hot to the touch and taste. Next when the sun has risen and with his rays has loosened the earth and has rarefied it as his heat waxes stronger, the first-beginnings of fire return back to their ancient seats and all the heat of the water withdraws into the earth: for this reason the fountain becomes cold in the daylight.

Dunster: What then is the reason? Doubtless this: because the Earth, near this fountain, is more rare and spongy then it is in other places, and contains within it many seeds of fire near the body of the water itself. Here, when the night has spread the world with dewy shades, the earth below grows initially cold, and is contracted; by this means it is compressed, as with your hand, and squeezes out those seeds of fire into the spring, which make the water warm to feel and taste. But when the sun has driven away the night with his bright rays, and with his heat has rarefied the Earth, and made it loose, these seeds of fire return into their former place, and all the heat that warmed the spring retires within the earth again, and so the fountain in the day is cold.

Latin: Quae ratiost igitur? ni mirum terra magis quod rara tenet circum fontem quam cetera tellus multaque sunt ignis prope semina corpus aquai. hoc ubi roriferis terram nox obruit undis, extemplo penitus frigescit terra coitque. hac ratione fit ut, tam quam compressa manu sit, exprimat in fontem quae semina cumque habet ignis, quae calidum faciunt laticis tactum atque vaporem. inde ubi sol radiis terram dimovit obortus et rare fecit calido miscente vapore, rursus in antiquas redeunt primordia sedes ignis et in terram cedit calor omnis aquai. frigidus hanc ob rem fit fons in luce diurna.

Munro: Again the liquid of water is played upon by the sun’s rays and in the daytime is rarefied by his throbbing heat; and therefore it gives up whatever seeds of fire it has; just as it often parts with the frost which it holds in itself, and thaws the ice and loosens its bonds.

Dunster: Besides, the water in the day is strongly moved by the sun's rays, and by his trembling streams of heat grows rare, and so lets out the seeds of fire it held by night; just as by the heat it shakes off seeds of cold, and melts the ice, and loosens all its bonds.

Latin: Praeterea solis radiis iactatur aquai umor et in lucem tremulo rarescit ab aestu; propterea fit uti quae semina cumque habet ignis dimittat; quasi saepe gelum, quod continet in se, mittit et exsolvit glaciem nodosque relaxat.

Munro: There is also a cold fountain of such a nature that tow, often when held over it, imbibes fire forthwith and emits flame; a pine torch in like manner is lighted and shines among the waters, in whatever direction it swims under the impulse of the winds. Because sure enough there are in the water very many seeds of heat, and from the earth itself at the bottom must rise up bodies of fire throughout the whole fountain and at the same time pass abroad in exhalations and go forth into the air, not in such numbers however that the fountain can become hot, for these reasons a force compels those seeds to burst out through the water and disperse abroad and to unite when they have mounted up.

Dunster: There is likewise a cold spring over which if you place tow or flax it immediately takes fire and is all in a blaze. A torch, newly extinguished, in the same manner, gently drawn over the surface, is lighted by this water, and flames out at every breath of air. And no wonder, for there are many seeds of fire in the water itself, and many must needs rise out of the earth, and ascend through all the fountain, and flow abroad, and make their way into the air, but yet they are not so hot as to set the spring on fire.

Latin: Frigidus est etiam fons, supra quem sita saepe stuppa iacit flammam concepto protinus igni, taedaque consimili ratione accensa per undas conlucet, quo cumque natans impellitur auris. ni mirum quia sunt in aqua permulta vaporis semina de terraque necessest funditus ipsa ignis corpora per totum consurgere fontem et simul exspirare foras exireque in auras, non ita multa tamen, calidus queat ut fieri fons; praeterea dispersa foras erumpere cogit vis per aquam subito sursumque ea conciliari.

Munro: [890] In the sea at Aradus is a fountain of this kind, which wells up with fresh water and keeps off the salt waters all round it; and in many other quarters the sea affords a seasonable help in need to thirsting sailors, vomiting forth fresh waters amid the salt. In this way then those seeds may burst forth through that fountain and well out; and when they are met together in the tow or cohere in the body of the pine-torch, they at once readily take fire, because the tow and pinewood contain in them likewise many seeds of latent fire.

Dunster: Besides, the innate force of these seeds, dispersed through the water, compels them to move upwards, and to unite upon the surface; as we see sometimes a fountain of sweet water bubble up in the middle of the sea, and beat off the salt waves that are about it. The sea affords many of these springs that bring a seasonable relief to the thirsty mariners by throwing out streams of fresh water among the salt. The seeds of fire may in the same manner break through the water of this fountain, and flow out into the tow. Here, when they unite and stick to the body of the torch, they immediately fall into a flame; for flax and tow contain many seeds of fire within which make them easily disposed to burn.

Latin: Quod genus endo marist Aradi fons, dulcis aquai qui scatit et salsas circum se dimovet undas; et multis aliis praebet regionibus aequor utilitatem opportunam sitientibus nautis, quod dulcis inter salsas intervomit undas. sic igitur per eum possunt erumpere fontem et scatere illa foras; in stuppam semina quae cum conveniunt aut in taedai corpore adhaerent, ardescunt facile extemplo, quia multa quoque in se semina habent ignis stuppae taedaeque tenentes.

Munro: See you not too that, when you bring a newly extinguished wick near night-lamps it catches light before it has touched the flame; and the same with the pinewood? And many things beside catch fire at some distance touched merely by the heat, before the fire in actual contact infects them. This therefore you must suppose to take place in that fountain as well.

Dunster: Have you not observed, when you hold a candle newly extinguished to another that is lighted it catches fire before it touches the flame? A torch likewise, by that same rule, will do the same; and many other things will take fire at a distance, before the flame reaches them. And this you may imagine is the case of the fountain above-mentioned.

Latin: Nonne vides etiam, nocturna ad lumina linum nuper ubi extinctum admoveas, accendier ante quam tetigit flammam, taedamque pari ratione? multaque praeterea prius ipso tacta vapore eminus ardescunt quam comminus imbuat ignis. hoc igitur fieri quoque in illo fonte putandumst.

Munro: Next in order I will proceed to discuss by what law of nature it comes to pass that iron can be attracted by that stone which the Greeks call the Magnet from the name of its native place, because it has its origin within the bounds of the country of the Magnesians. This stone men wonder at; as it often produces a chain of rings hanging down from it. Thus you may see sometimes five and more suspended in succession and tossing about in the light airs, one always hanging down from one and attached to its lower side, and each in turn one from the other experiencing the binding power of the stone: with such a continued current its force flies through all.

Dunster: And now I shall begin to show by what power of nature it is that the stone (which the Greeks call a magnet, from the country that produces it, for it is found in the region of the Magnetes) has the virtue to attract iron. Men are amazed at the qualities of this stone, for it will make a chain of several little rings of iron, without a link between, to hang together entirely from itself. You may sometimes see five or more hanging straight down, and play in the gentle air, as they stick close and depend at the bottom one upon another; the ring that follows feels the attraction and power of the stone from that above it. So strongly is the virtue of the magnet communicated to the several rings; it acts with so great a force.

Latin: Quod super est, agere incipiam quo foedere fiat naturae, lapis hic ut ferrum ducere possit, quem Magneta vocant patrio de nomine Grai, Magnetum quia sit patriis in finibus ortus. hunc homines lapidem mirantur; quippe catenam saepe ex anellis reddit pendentibus ex se. quinque etenim licet inter dum pluresque videre ordine demisso levibus iactarier auris, unus ubi ex uno dependet supter adhaerens ex alioque alius lapidis vim vinclaque noscit; usque adeo permananter vis pervalet eius.

Munro: In things of this kind many points must be established before you can assign the true law of the thing in question, and it must be approached by a very circuitous road; wherefore all the more I call for an attentive ear and mind.

Dunster: In inquiries of this nature many things are to be first proved before we can fix upon the true cause; we must trace the subject through many long and intricate difficulties; and therefore I beg you will hear me with a willing mind, and with the closest attention.

Latin: Hoc genus in rebus firmandumst multa prius quam ipsius rei rationem reddere possis, et nimium longis ambagibus est adeundum; quo magis attentas auris animumque reposco.

Munro: In the first place from all things whatsoever which we see there must incessantly stream and be discharged and scattered abroad such bodies as strike the eyes and provoke vision. Smells too incessantly stream from certain things; as does cold from rivers, heat from the sun, spray from the waves of the sea that eats into walls near the shore. Various sounds too cease not to stream through the air. Then a moist salt flavor often comes into the mouth, when we are moving about beside the sea; and when we look on at the mixing of a decoction of wormwood, its bitterness affects us. In such a constant stream from all things the several qualities of things are carried and are transmitted in all directions round, and no delay, no respite in the flow is ever granted, since we constantly have feeling, and may at anytime see, smell and hear the sound of anything.

Dunster: And first, certain seeds must necessarily flow, be sent out, and continually dispersed abroad, from all things whatever we see, which must strike upon the eye and affect the sight. From some bodies a train of smells are always flying off. So cold is emitted from the rivers; heat from the sun; a salt vapor from the water of the sea that eats through walls along the shore, and various sounds are always flying through the air. And as we walk upon the strand, a briny taste frequently offends our mouth, and when we see a bunch of wormwood bruised, the bitterness strikes upon the palate. So plain it is that something is continually flowing off from all bodies, and is scattered about. There is no intermission, the seeds never cease to flow, because the sense is continually affected, we still continue to feel, to see, to smell and hear.

Latin: Principio omnibus ab rebus, quas cumque videmus, perpetuo fluere ac mitti spargique necessest corpora quae feriant oculos visumque lacessant. perpetuoque fluunt certis ab rebus odores; frigus ut [a] fluviis, calor a sole, aestus ab undis aequoris, exesor moerorum, litora propter; nec varii cessant sonitus manare per auras; denique in os salsi venit umor saepe saporis, cum mare versamur propter, dilutaque contra cum tuimur misceri absinthia, tangit amaror. usque adeo omnibus ab rebus res quaeque fluenter fertur et in cunctas dimittitur undique partis nec mora nec requies interdatur ulla fluendi, perpetuo quoniam sentimus et omnia semper cernere odorari licet et sentire sonare.

Munro: And now I will state once again how rare a body all things have: a question made clear in the first part of my poem also: although the knowledge of this is of importance in regard to many things, above all in regard to this very question which I am coming to discuss, at the very outset it is necessary to establish that nothing comes under sense save body mixed with void. For instance in caves rocks overhead sweat with moisture and trickle down in oozing drops. Sweat too oozes out from our whole body; the beard grows, and hairs over all our limbs and frame. Food is distributed through all the veins, gives increase and nourishment to the very extremities and nails. We feel too cold and heat passthrough brass, we feel them pass through gold and silver, when we hold full cups. Again voices fly through the stone partitions of houses; smell passes through and cold, and the heat of fire which is wont ay to pierce even the strength of iron, where the Gaulish cuirass girds the body round. And when a storm has gathered in earth and heaven, and when along with it the influence of disease makes its way in from without, they both withdraw respectively to heaven and earth and there work their wills, since there is nothing at all that is not of a rare texture of, body.

Dunster: Now I shall repeat what I have proved at large in the first book of this poem, that no bodies are perfectly solid, for though it is proper to know this upon many accounts, yet it is of principal use in the subject I now offer to explain. In this place it is necessary to establish this truth, that there is nothing in Nature but body mixed with void. And first, in the deep caverns of the earth, the rocks above will sweat with moisture, and weep with flowing drops; and sweat will flow from all our bodies and through every pore. The beard will grow, and hairs spread over our members and our limbs. Nature divides our food through all the veins; it feeds and nourishes the extreme parts, our very nails. We find that cold and heat will pass through brass, will make their way through gold and silver. We know, by feeling the outside of a cup, whether the juice within be hot or cold. And lastly, sounds will pierce stone walls of houses, and so will smells, and cold, and heat. The force of fire, thrown from without, will pass through iron, and scorch the soldiers limbs, though armed about with coats of mail. And tempests, rising from the earth or skies, and sent from thence, will strike through every thing before them, for nothing in nature is without some void.

Latin: Nunc omnis repetam quam raro corpore sint res commemorare; quod in primo quoque carmine claret. quippe etenim, quamquam multas hoc pertinet ad res noscere, cum primis hanc ad rem protinus ipsam, qua de disserere adgredior, firmare necessest nil esse in promptu nisi mixtum corpus inani. principio fit ut in speluncis saxa superna sudent umore et guttis manantibus stillent. manat item nobis e toto corpore sudor, crescit barba pilique per omnia membra, per artus. diditur in venas cibus omnis, auget alitque corporis extremas quoque partis unguiculosque. frigus item transire per aes calidumque vaporem sentimus, sentimus item transire per aurum atque per argentum, cum pocula plena tenemus. denique per dissaepta domorum saxea voces pervolitant, permanat odor frigusque vaposque ignis, qui ferri quoque vim penetrare sueëvit, denique qua circum caeli lorica coeërcet, morbida visque simul, cum extrinsecus insinuatur; et tempestate in terra caeloque coorta in caelum terrasque remotae iure facessunt; quandoquidem nihil est nisi raro corpore nexum.

Munro: Furthermore all bodies whatever which are discharged from things are not qualified to excite the same sensations nor are adapted for all things alike. The sun for instance bakes and dries up the earth, but thaws ice, and forces the snows piled up high on the high hills to melt away beneath his rays; wax again turns to liquid when placed within reach of his heat. Fire also melts brass and fuses gold, but shrivels up and draws together hides and flesh. The liquid of water after fire hardens steel, but softens hides and flesh hardened by heat. The wild olive delights the bearded she-goats as much as if the flavor it yielded were of ambrosia and steeped in nectar; but nothing that puts forth leaf is more bitter to man than this food. Again a swine eschews marjoram-oil and dreads all perfumes; for they are rank poison to bristly swine, though they are found at times to give us as it were fresh life. But on the other hand though mire is to us the nastiest filth, it is found to be so welcome to swine that they wallow in it all over with a craving not to be satisfied.

Dunster: Besides, all seeds that are thrown off from bodies are not the same in quality and shape, nor do therefore they equally agree to things they strike or act upon; for first the sun burns up and dries the earth, but thaws and melts the snows so deep upon the mountaintops. And wax will drop when placed before the fire, and brass will run, and gold dissolve by heat, but skin and flesh it shrinks and shrivels up. Water will harden steel made weak by fire, but softens skin and flesh made hard by heat. Leaves of wild olive please the bearded goats as if they flowed with juice of nectar or ambrosia, when nothing is more bitter than that leaf to us. The swine fly every strong perfume, and fear the smell of every ointment; 'tis the sharpest poison to the bristly race, but cheers our spirits with a sweet delight. And then, to roll in the mud is the most odious filthiness to us, to them a cleanly pleasure; they are never tired of wallowing in the mire.

Latin: Huc accedit uti non omnia, quae iaciuntur corpora cumque ab rebus, eodem praedita sensu atque eodem pacto rebus sint omnibus apta. principio terram sol excoquit et facit are, at glaciem dissolvit et altis montibus altas extructas[que] nives radiis tabescere cogit; denique cera lique fit in eius posta vapore. ignis item liquidum facit aes aurumque resolvit, at coria et carnem trahit et conducit in unum. umor aquae porro ferrum condurat ab igni, at coria et carnem mollit durata calore. barbigeras oleaster eo iuvat usque capellas, effluat ambrosias quasi vero et nectare tinctus; qua nihil est homini quod amarius fronde ac[ida] extet. denique amaracinum fugitat sus et timet omne unguentum; nam saetigeris subus acre venenumst; quod nos inter dum tam quam recreare videtur. at contra nobis caenum taeterrima cum sit spurcities, eadem subus haec iucunda videtur, insatiabiliter toti ut volvantur ibidem.

Munro: There is still one point left which it seems proper to mention, before I come to speak of the matter in hand. Since many pores are assigned to various things, they must possess natures differing the one from the other and must have each its own nature, its own direction: thus there are in living creatures various senses, each of which takes into it in its own peculiar way its own special object; for we see that sounds pass into one thing, taste from different flavors into another thing, smells into another. Again one thing is seen to stream through stones and another thing to pass through woods, another through gold, and another still to go out through silver and brass; for form is seen to stream through this passage, heat through that, and one thing is seen to pass through by the same way more quickly than other things. The nature of the passages, you are to know, compels it so to be, varying in manifold wise, as we have shown a little above, owing to the unlike nature and textures of things.

Dunster: But before I enter fully upon the subject before us it is proper first to premise that, since there are many pores of little spaces in all compound bodies, it is necessary that these passages should be of different natures, and should vary severally in their size and figure, for all creatures are formed with different organs, every one of which has an object proper and peculiar to itself. Sounds, we perceive, make their passage one way, and taste another, and smell another, according to the different nature and texture of the things that strike the sense. One thing, we find, will make its way through stones, another through wood, another will pierce through gold, another through silver, and another will fly through glass. This the images flow through, through these the heat, and some seeds will sooner pierce through the same pores than others. This is owing to the different figures of these passages which vary wonderfully in shape, as we said before.

Latin: Hoc etiam super est, ipsa quam dicere de re adgredior, quod dicendum prius esse videtur. multa foramina cum variis sint reddita rebus, dissimili inter se natura praedita debent esse et habere suam naturam quaeque viasque. quippe etenim varii sensus animantibus insunt, quorum quisque suam proprie rem percipit in se; nam penetrare alio sonitus alioque saporem cernimus e sucis, alio nidoris odores. [scilicet id fieri cogit natura viarum multimodis varians, ut paulo ostendimus ante.] praeterea manare aliud per saxa videtur, atque aliud lignis, aliud transire per aurum, argentoque foras aliud vitroque meare; nam fluere hac species, illac calor ire videtur, atque aliis aliud citius transmittere eadem. scilicet id fieri cogit natura viarum multimodis varians, ut paulo ostendimus ante, propter dissimilem naturam textaque rerum.

Munro: Therefore now that these points have all been established and arranged for us as premises ready to our hand, for what remains, the law will easily be explained out of them, and the whole cause be laid open which attracts the strength of iron.

Dunster: These things therefore, being fully proved and laid down, and every thing made ready and easy for the grand inquiry, we shall easily discovery the reason, and open every cause that moves and invites the iron to the stone.

Latin: Qua propter, bene ubi haec confirmata atque locata omnia constiterint nobis praeposta parata, quod super est, facile hinc ratio reddetur et omnis causa pate fiet, quae ferri pelliciat vim.

Munro: First of all there must stream from this stone very many seeds or a current if you will which dispels with blows all the air which lies between the stone andiron. When this space is emptied and much room left void between, forthwith the first-beginnings of iron fall headlong forward into the void in one mass, and in consequence the ring itself follows and then goes on with its whole body. And nothing has its primal elements more intricately entangled or coheres in closer connection than the nature of stubborn iron and its coldness that makes you shiver. Therefore what I say is the less strange, that from among such elements as these bodies cannot gather in large numbers out of the iron and be carried into the void without the whole ring following. This it does do, and follows on until it has quite reached the stone and fastened on it with unseen bonds of connection. The same thing takes place in all directions: on whatever side a void is formed, whether athwart or from above the first bodies next it are at once carried on into the void; for they are set in motion by blows from another source and cannot by their own free act rise up into the air.

Dunster: And first, many seeds or effluvia are continually flying off from the stone, and by their blows disperse and drive away the air that liest between the magnet and the iron. This space being empty, and void made between, the corpuscles of the iron rush out suddenly in a train, all linked together, into this vacuum, so that the whole body of the iron ring, to which they are joined, immediately follows, for nothing is made up of seeds more entangled and connected together than the cold and tough substance of iron. And therefore (as we said before) it is the less to be wondered if the seeds cannot fly off from the iron into the void but those before must draw on those behind, and the whole ring follows at last; which it does, and continues to move, till it comes close to the stone and, fixed by secret bonds, sticks to it. And these effluvia of the iron that lie nearest the stone rush into the void every way, upwards or across, wherever the space is empty, for they are driven by the force of other seeds, nor have they any power to move upwards by their own natural motion.

Latin: Principio fluere e lapide hoc permulta necessest semina sive aestum, qui discutit aeëra plagis, inter qui lapidem ferrumque est cumque locatus. hoc ubi inanitur spatium multusque vace fit in medio locus, extemplo primordia ferri in vacuum prolapsa cadunt coniuncta, fit utque anulus ipse sequatur eatque ita corpore toto. nec res ulla magis primoribus ex elementis indupedita suis arte conexa cohaeret quam validi ferri natura et frigidus horror. quo minus est mirum, quod dicitur esse alienum, corpora si nequeunt e ferro plura coorta in vacuum ferri, quin anulus ipse sequatur; quod facit et sequitur, donec pervenit ad ipsum iam lapidem caecisque in eo compagibus haesit. hoc fit idem cunctas in partis; unde vace fit cumque locus, sive e transverso sive superne, corpora continuo in vacuum vicina feruntur; quippe agitantur enim plagis aliunde nec ipsa sponte sua sursum possunt consurgere in auras.

Munro: Moreover (to render it more feasible, this thing also is helped on by external aid and motion) as soon as the air in front of the ring has been made rarer and the space more empty and void, it follows at once that all the air which lies behind, carries and pushes it on as it were at its back. For the air which lies around them always beats on things; but at such a time as this it is able to push on the iron, because on one side a space is void and receives the iron into it. This air of which I am speaking to you makes its way with much subtlety through the frequent pores of the iron to its minute parts and then thrusts and pushes it on, as the wind a ship and its sails. Again all things must have air in their body, since they are of a rare body and air surrounds and is in contact with all things. This air therefore which is in the inmost recesses of the iron, is ever stirred in restless motion and therefore beats the ring without a doubt and stirs it within, you know: the ring is carried in the direction in which it has once plunged forward, and into the void part towards which it has made its start.

Dunster: You may add another reason to account for this experiment, which is that the iron is driven forward, and assisted in its motion from without, for the air before the steel being more rare, and the space between more empty and void than it was, hence it is that the air that is behind strikes upon the back of the ring, and drives and forces it on; for the air that surrounds all bodies beats upon them with continual blows; but then only it drives on the iron when the space is empty on that side, and fit to retrieve it. The air therefore, which I observe, entering into the many pores of the iron, and subtly conveying itself into the little passages, thrusts and forces it on, as a ship is driven by wind and sails. And then all things must contain within some parts of air, for all bodies are rare, and full of pores, and air surrounds and pierces through everything. This air therefore that lies concealed in the body of the iron is always tossed with violent motion, and beats upon the ring, and agitates it within, and so the iron is carried on toward the void to which it was moving, and whither all its force was first directed.

Latin: Huc accedit item, quare queat id magis esse, haec quoque res adiumento motuque iuvatur, quod, simul a fronte est anelli rarior aeër factus inanitusque locus magis ac vacuatus, continuo fit uti qui post est cumque locatus aeër a tergo quasi provehat atque propellat. semper enim circum positus res verberat aeër; sed tali fit uti propellat tempore ferrum, parte quod ex una spatium vacat et capit in se. hic, tibi quem memoro, per crebra foramina ferri parvas ad partis subtiliter insinuatus trudit et inpellit, quasi navem velaque ventus. denique res omnes debent in corpore habere aeëra, quandoquidem raro sunt corpore et aeër omnibus est rebus circum datus adpositusque. hic igitur, penitus qui in ferrost abditus aeër, sollicito motu semper iactatur eoque verberat anellum dubio procul et ciet intus, scilicet illo eodem fertur, quo praecipitavit iam semel et partem in vacuam conamina sumpsit.

Munro: Sometimes too it happens that the nature of iron is repelled from this stone, being in the habit of flying from and following it in turns. I have seen Samothracian iron rings even jump up, and at the same time filings of iron rave within brass basins, when this Magnet stone had been placed under: such a strong desire the iron seems to have to fly from the stone. So great a disturbance is raised by the interposition of the brass, because sure enough when the current of the brass has first seized on and taken possession of the open passages of the iron, the current of the stone comes after and finds all things full in the iron and has no opening to swim through as before. It is forced therefore to dash against and beat with its wave the iron texture; by which means it repels from it and sets in motion through the brass that which without the brass it often draws to itself.

Dunster: But sometimes the substance of the iron will fly from the magnet; it will withdraw sometimes as well as press towards it. For I have seen little Samothracian rings of iron, and filings of steel, put into a brazen pot; and the stone being applied to the bottom of the vessel, the iron will leap and dance upwards, so eager is it to be gone and avoid the stone. And this great aversion arises from the interposition of the brass, for when the particles of the brass have entered and filled up the open pores of the iron, then come the effluvia of the loadstone; and finding the passages of the iron full, and no more open for them to pierce through as before, they beat upon the bits of iron and drive them forward with all their force. And thus the particles of the stone, passing through the brass, throws the iron from it, which otherwise it would take to its embrace.

Latin: Fit quoque ut a lapide hoc ferri natura recedat inter dum, fugere atque sequi consueta vicissim. exultare etiam Samothracia ferrea vidi et ramenta simul ferri furere intus ahenis in scaphiis, lapis hic Magnes cum subditus esset; usque adeo fugere a saxo gestire videtur. aere interposito discordia tanta creatur propterea quia ni mirum prius aestus ubi aeris praecepit ferrique vias possedit apertas, posterior lapidis venit aestus et omnia plena invenit in ferro neque habet qua tranet ut ante; cogitur offensare igitur pulsareque fluctu ferrea texta suo; quo pacto respuit ab se atque per aes agitat, sine eo quod saepe resorbet.

Munro: And forbear herein to wonder that the current from this stone is not able to set in motion other things as well as iron: some of these stand still by the power of their own weight; for instance gold; and others, because they are of so rare a body that the current flies through them uninterrupted, cannot in any case be set in motion; to which class wood is found to belong. When therefore the nature of iron lying between the two has received into it certain first bodies of brass, then do the Magnet stones set it in motion with their stream.

Dunster: Do not be surprised to find that the effluvia of the stone do not drive away other bodies from it in the same manner, for some remain unmoved upon the account of their weight; gold is of this sort. Others because they are rare, and their pores are wide, so that the particles that fly off from the stone pass through without touching, and therefore can have no power to move them, of this kind is the texture of wood. The nature of iron is placed between these two, and when its pores are full of those brazen particles, then it is that the effluvia of the magnet beat upon it and drive it off. Nor is the friendship between the loadstone and the steel so singular a case.

Latin: Illud in his rebus mirari mitte, quod aestus non valet e lapide hoc alias impellere item res. pondere enim fretae partim stant, quod genus aurum; at partim raro quia sunt cum corpore, ut aestus pervolet intactus, nequeunt inpellier usquam, lignea materies in quo genere esse videtur. interutrasque igitur ferri natura locata aeris ubi accepit quaedam corpuscula, tum fit, inpellant ut eo Magnesia flumine saxa.

Munro: And yet these cases are not so much at variance with other things, that I have only a scanty store of similar instances to relate of things mutually fitted one for the other and for nothing else: stones for instance you see are cemented by mortar alone; wood is united with wood so firmly by bulls’ glue only, that the veins of boards often gape in cracks before the binding power of the glue can be brought to loosen its hold. Vine-born juices venture to mix with streams of water, though heavy pitch and light oil cannot. Again the purple dye of the shellfish so unites with the body of wool alone, that it cannot in any case be severed, not were you to take pains to undo what is done with Neptune’s wave, not if the whole sea were willed to wash it out with all its waters. Then too is there not one thing only that fastens gold to gold, and is not brass soldered to brass by tin? And how many other cases of the kind might one find! What then? You have no need whatever of such long circuitous roads, nor is it worth my while to spend so much pains on this, but it is better briefly to comprise many things in few words: things whose textures have such a mutual correspondence, that cavities fit solids, the cavities of the first the solids of the second, the cavities of the second the solids of the first, form the closest union. Again some things may be fastened together and held in union with hooks and eyes as it were; and this seems rather to be the case with this stone and iron.

Dunster: I can produce instances of many things whose natures are peculiarly fit and suited to each other. And first, your observe that stones are cemented together only by lime, and boards are so joined together by glue made of the ears and genitals of bulls, that the solid wood of a table will sooner split than the strong joints of glue will start or fall asunder. Wine will mingle with spring water, when heavy pitch and smooth oil will not. The purple color of the Murex incorporates so into the body of wool that it can never be taken out; no, not if you strive to recover it to its native whiteness by all the waves of the sea, not if you wash it in all the water of the ocean. There is but one mineral that will solder gold and silver together, and brass is joined only by white lead. How many things of this nature might be produced? To what purpose? I would by no means lead you so far out of the way, nor give myself so much trouble in such inquiries. I have many things yet to explain, but I shall be as short as possible. Those things whose textures so mutually answer to one another that the cavities of this thing agree with the plenitudes of that, and the cavities of that with the plenitudes of this, may be conjoined most easily and in the strictest manner. And some things may be so joined to others as if they were fastened together by hooks and rings, and in this manner it is that the loadstone seems to be connected to the steel.

Latin: Nec tamen haec ita sunt aliarum rerum aliena, ut mihi multa parum genere ex hoc suppeditentur, quae memorare queam inter se singlariter apta. saxa vides primum sola colescere calce. glutine materies taurino iungitur una, ut vitio venae tabularum saepius hiscant quam laxare queant compages taurea vincla. vitigeni latices aquai fontibus audent misceri, cum pix nequeat gravis et leve olivom. purpureusque colos conchyli iungitur uno corpore cum lanae, dirimi qui non queat usquam, non si Neptuni fluctu renovare operam des, non mare si totum velit eluere omnibus undis. denique res auro non aurum copulat una, aerique [aes] plumbo fit uti iungatur ab albo? cetera iam quam multa licet reperire! quid ergo? nec tibi tam longis opus est ambagibus usquam nec me tam multam hic operam consumere par est, sed breviter paucis praestat comprendere multa. quorum ita texturae ceciderunt mutua contra, ut cava conveniant plenis haec illius illa huiusque inter se, iunctura haec optima constat. est etiam, quasi ut anellis hamisque plicata inter se quaedam possint coplata teneri; quod magis in lapide hoc fieri ferroque videtur.

Munro: And now I will explain what the law of diseases is and from what causes the force of disease may suddenly gather itself up and bring death-dealing destruction on the race of man and the troops of brute beasts. And first I have shown above that there are seeds of many things helpful to our life; and on the other hand many must fly about conducing to disease and death. When these by chance have happened to gather together and have disordered the atmosphere, the air becomes distempered. And all that force of disease and that pestilence come either from without down through the atmosphere in the shape of clouds and mists, or else do gather themselves up and rise out of the earth, when soaked with wet it has contracted a taint, being beaten upon by unseasonable rains and suns.

Dunster: Now I shall teach from whence diseases spring, and whence arise the pestilential blasts that spread their deadly poison and destroy both man and beast. And first (as I have said) the seeds of many things are ever flying through the air; some are sound and vital to mankind, and others bring on disease and death: these when they arise and taint the sky, and air becomes infected. Now the morbid force of all diseases, every pestilence, comes either from without, as clouds and mists fall from the heavens above, or rises from the earth itself when, drenched by fierce and unseasonable showers, and pierced by the sun's scorching beams, it sends unwholesome vapors through the air.

Latin: Nunc ratio quae sit morbis aut unde repente mortiferam possit cladem conflare coorta morbida vis hominum generi pecudumque catervis, expediam, primum multarum semina rerum esse supra docui quae sint vitalia nobis, et contra quae sint morbo mortique necessest multa volare; ea cum casu sunt forte coorta et perturbarunt caelum, fit morbidus aeër. atque ea vis omnis morborum pestilitasque aut extrinsecus ut nubes nebulaeque superne per caelum veniunt aut ipsa saepe coorta de terra surgunt, ubi putorem umida nactast intempestivis pluviisque et solibus icta.

Munro: See you not too that all who come to a place far away from country and home are affected by the strangeness of climate and water, because there are wide differences in such things? For what a difference may we suppose between the climate of the Briton and that of Egypt where the pole of heaven slants askew, and again between that in Pontus and that of Gades and so on to the races of men black with sun-baked complexion? Now as we see these four climates under the four opposite winds and quarters of heaven all differing from each other, so also the complexions and faces of the men are seen to differ widely and diseases varying in kind are found to seize upon the different races. There is the elephant disease which is generated beside the streams of Nile in the midst of Egypt and nowhere else. In Attica the feet are attacked and the eyes in Achaean lands. And so different places are hurtful to different parts and members: the variations of air occasion that.

Dunster: Have you not seen that those who search out foreign lands, and leave their country and their native homes, contract new pains from the strange water, and the air they breathe? The mighty difference of the air occasions this, for don't you think the air of Britain is widely different from the air of Egypt, where he North Pole is never seen? Or that the air of Pontus differs from that of Gades and AEthiopia, where the black race of men are thoroxxughly sodden with the sun's heat? The four quarters of the air, we may suppose, are different in their temper and their quality, because they are opposed to the four quarters of the earth, where men, we find, in every region widely disagree in face and complexion, and are tormented with diseases peculiar to the countries where they live. The leprosy was known first in Egypt, near the river Nile, and no where else. The Athenians are tortured with the gout, the Acheaens with sore eyes. So every country is an enemy to one part and member of the body or other, and this must be imputed to the air.

Latin: Nonne vides etiam caeli novitate et aquarum temptari procul a patria qui cumque domoque adveniunt ideo quia longe discrepitant res? nam quid Brittannis caelum differre putamus, et quod in Aegypto est, qua mundi claudicat axis, quidve quod in Ponto est differre et Gadibus atque usque ad nigra virum percocto saecla colore? quae cum quattuor inter se diversa videmus quattuor a ventis et caeli partibus esse, tum color et facies hominum distare videntur largiter et morbi generatim saecla tenere. est elephas morbus qui propter flumina Nili gignitur Aegypto in media neque praeterea usquam. Atthide temptantur gressus oculique in Achaeis finibus. inde aliis alius locus est inimicus partibus ac membris; varius concinnat id aeër.

Munro: Therefore when an atmosphere which happens to put itself in motion unsuited to us and a hurtful air beg into advance, they creep slowly on in the shape of mist and cloud and disorder everything in their line of advance and compel all to change; and when they have at length reached our atmosphere, they corrupt it too and make it like to themselves and unsuited to us.

Dunster: And when the morbid pestilential air of a country, remote from us, moves from its first abode, and the fatal vapor begins to advance, it creeps first by degrees like a cloud or mist, and disturbs and changes every thing as it goes. And when it comes to the climate where we live, it corrupts every thing, and makes it like itself, and therefore is deadly and destructive to us.

Latin: Proinde ubi se caelum, quod nobis forte alienum, commovet atque aeër inimicus serpere coepit, ut nebula ac nubes paulatim repit et omne qua graditur conturbat et immutare coactat, fit quoque ut, in nostrum cum venit denique caelum, corrumpat reddatque sui simile atque alienum.

Munro: This new destroying power and pestilence therefore all at once either fall upon the waters or else sink deep into the corn-crops or other food of man and provender of beast; or else their force remains suspended within the atmosphere, and when we inhale from it mixed airs, we must absorb at the same time into our body those things as well. In like manner pestilence often falls on kine also and a distemper too on the silly sheep. And it makes no difference whether we travel to places unfavorable to us and change the atmosphere which wraps us round, or whether nature without our choice brings to us a tainted atmosphere or something to the use of which we have not been accustomed, and which is able to attack us on its first arrival.

Dunster: This wasting plague, these sad infectious blasts, fall either in the water or fix upon the fruits or other food of men, or on the provender of cattle, or they may hang suspended in the air above, that when we draw our breath we needs must suck this poison, mingled with it, into our bodies. In the same manner the pestilence seizes on the cattle, and the contagion infects the sheep. And the danger is the same whether we change our climate and travel into a country where the air is pernicious to us or whether Nature of her own accord brings the cruel infection from abroad, or introduces a disease we are not used to, which upon its first approach may prove hurtful to us.

Latin: Haec igitur subito clades nova pestilitasque aut in aquas cadit aut fruges persidit in ipsas aut alios hominum pastus pecudumque cibatus, aut etiam suspensa manet vis aeëre in ipso et, cum spirantes mixtas hinc ducimus auras, illa quoque in corpus pariter sorbere necessest. consimili ratione venit bubus quoque saepe pestilitas et iam pigris balantibus aegror. nec refert utrum nos in loca deveniamus nobis adversa et caeli mutemus amictum, an caelum nobis ultro natura corumptum deferat aut aliquid quo non consuevimus uti, quod nos adventu possit temptare recenti.

Munro: Such a form of disease and a death-fraught miasm erst within the borders of Cecrops defiled the whole land with dead, and dispeopled the streets, drained the town of burghers. Rising first and starting from the inmost corners of Egypt, after traversing much air and many floating fields, the plague brooded at last over the whole people of Pandion; and then they were handed over in troops to disease and death.

Dunster: Once such a plague as this, such deadly blasts, poisoned the coasts of Athens, founded by Cecrops. It raged through every street, unpeopled all the city, for coming from far (from Egypt, where it first began) and having passed through a long tract of air, and over the wide sea, it fixed at last upon the subjects of King Pandion. Men soon, by heaps, fell victim to the rage of death and the disease.

Latin: Haec ratio quondam morborum et mortifer aestus finibus in Cecropis funestos reddidit agros vastavitque vias, exhausit civibus urbem. nam penitus veniens Aegypti finibus ortus, aeëra permensus multum camposque natantis, incubuit tandem populo Pandionis omni. inde catervatim morbo mortique dabantur.

Munro: First of all they would have the head seized with burning heat and both eyes blood-shot with aglare diffused over; the livid throat within would exude blood and the passage of the voice be clogged and choked with ulcers, and the mind’s interpreter the tongue drip with gore, quite enfeebled with sufferings, heavy in movement, rough to touch. Next when the force of disease passing down the throat had filled the breast and had streamed together even into the sad heart of the sufferers, then would all the barriers of life give way. The breath would pour out at the mouth a noisome stench, even as the stench of rotting carcases thrown out unburied. And then the powers of the entire mind, the whole body would sink utterly, now on the very threshold of death. And a bitter despondency was the constant attendant on insufferable ills and complaining mingled with moaning. An ever-recurring hiccup often the night and day through, forcing on continual spasms in sinews and limbs, would break men quite, for wearying those forspent before.

Dunster: The head was first attacked with furious heats, and then the eyes turned bloodshot and inflamed; the jaws within sweated with black bloods; the throat (the passage of the voice) was stopped by ulcers; the tongue (the interpreter of the mind) overflowed with gore, and, faltered with the disease, felt rough, and scarce could move. And when the poison, through the jaws, had filled the breast, and flowed into the miserable stomach, then all the springs of life began to fail; the breath sent out a filthy smell abroad, like the rank stench of rotten carcasses, the powers of all the soul and all the body flag and grow faint, as in the gates of death. To these innumerable evils followed close a sad distress and sinking of the mind, loud sighs with bitter moans, and frequent sobbings, all the day and night, twitched and convulsed the nerves and every limb, and loosened every joint, and sorely racked the wretches, tired out with pains before.

Latin: Principio caput incensum fervore gerebant et duplicis oculos suffusa luce rubentes. sudabant etiam fauces intrinsecus atrae sanguine et ulceribus vocis via saepta coibat atque animi interpres manabat lingua cruore debilitata malis, motu gravis, aspera tactu. inde ubi per fauces pectus complerat et ipsum morbida vis in cor maestum confluxerat aegris, omnia tum vero vitai claustra lababant. spiritus ore foras taetrum volvebat odorem, rancida quo perolent proiecta cadavera ritu. atque animi prorsum [tum] vires totius, omne languebat corpus leti iam limine in ipso. intolerabilibusque malis erat anxius angor adsidue comes et gemitu commixta querella, singultusque frequens noctem per saepe diemque corripere adsidue nervos et membra coactans dissoluebat eos, defessos ante, fatigans.

Munro: And yet in none could you perceive the skin on the surface of the body burn with any great heat, but the body would rather offer to the hand a lukewarm sensation and at the same time be red all over with ulcers burnt into it so to speak, like unto the holy fire as it spreads over the frame. The inward parts of the men however would burn to the very bones, a flame would bum within the stomach as within furnaces. Nothing was light and thin enough to apply to the relief of the body of any one; ever wind and cold alone. Many would plunge their limbs burning with disease into the cool rivers, throwing their body naked into the water. Many tumbled headforemost deep down into the wells, meeting the water straight with mouth wide agape. Parching thirst with a craving not to be appeased, drenching their bodies, would make an abundant draught no better than the smallest drop.

Dunster: Yet you could not perceive, by the touch, that the surface of the body was inflamed with any extraordinary heat; it felt only warm to the hand, and looked red all over with burning pustules, as when the sacred fire spreads over the limbs. But all within was in a flame that pierced the very bones; the heat raged in the stomach as in a furnace; no garment, ever so light or thin, could be endured upon their limbs; they rushed into the wind and cold, some plunging their bodies, scorched with the disease, in rivers, and naked threw themselves in chilling streams; some ran with open mouths and headlong leaped into deep wells; the parching thirst, insatiable, so burnt their bodies it made whole showers of water seem no more than a few drops.

Latin: Nec nimio cuiquam posses ardore tueri corporis in summo summam fervescere partem, sed potius tepidum manibus proponere tactum et simul ulceribus quasi inustis omne rubere corpus, ut est per membra sacer dum diditur ignis. intima pars hominum vero flagrabat ad ossa, flagrabat stomacho flamma ut fornacibus intus. nil adeo posses cuiquam leve tenveque membris vertere in utilitatem, at ventum et frigora semper. in fluvios partim gelidos ardentia morbo membra dabant nudum iacientes corpus in undas. multi praecipites nymphis putealibus alte inciderunt ipso venientes ore patente: insedabiliter sitis arida corpora mersans aequabat multum parvis umoribus imbrem.

Munro: No respite was there of ill: their bodies would lie quite spent. The healing art would mutter low in voiceless fear, as again and again they rolled about their eye-balls wide open, burning with disease, never visited by sleep.

Dunster: The pain was without intermission, without end; the body lay quite spent, stretched out, the burning eyes wide open and, without sleep for many a restless night, rolled dreadfully about. The physician muttered to himself in silent fear, and leaves the patient in despair,

Latin: Nec requies erat ulla mali: defessa iacebant corpora. mussabat tacito medicina timore, quippe patentia cum totiens ardentia morbis lumina versarent oculorum expertia somno.

Munro: And many symptoms of death besides would then be given, the mind disordered in sorrow and fear, the clouded brow, the fierce delirious expression, the ears too troubled and filled with ringings, the breathing quick or else strangely loud and slow-recurring, and the sweat glistening wet over the neck, the spittle in thin small flakes, tinged with a saffron-color, salt, scarce forced up the rough throat by coughing. The tendons of the hands ceased not to contract, the limbs to shiver, a coldness to mount with slow sure pace from the feet upward. Then at their very last moments they had nostrils pinched, the tip of the nose sharp, eyes deep-sunk, temples hollow, the skin cold and hard, on the grim mouth a grin, the brow tense and swollen; and not long after their limbs would be stretched stiff in death: about the eighth day of bright sunlight or else on the ninth return of his lamp they would yield up life.

Dunster: For many signs of coming death appeared. The mind distracted with death and horror; a stern brow; a countenance fierce and furious; the ears tormented with a buzzing noise; the breath thick, or deep and seldom drawn; a frothy sweat, flowing in abundance over the neck; the spittle thin and dry, and yellow as saffron, and the salt matter could scarce be brought up through the jaws by coughing; a contraction of the nerves in the hands, and a trembling over all the limbs, and a coldness creeping up gradually from the feet; the nostrils pinched in, as at the point of death; the nose sharp, the eyes sunk, the temples hollow, the skin cold and hard, a frightful distortion of the mouth, and the skin of the forehead stretched and shining. Nor did the wretches lie long under the cold hands of death, for they expired commonly upon the eighth, or at the farthest upon the ninth day.

Latin: Multaque praeterea mortis tum signa dabantur: perturbata animi mens in maerore metuque, triste supercilium, furiosus voltus et acer, sollicitae porro plenaeque sonoribus aures, creber spiritus aut ingens raroque coortus, sudorisque madens per collum splendidus umor, tenvia sputa minuta, croci contacta colore salsaque per fauces rauca vix edita tussi. in manibus vero nervi trahere et tremere artus a pedibusque minutatim succedere frigus non dubitabat. item ad supremum denique tempus conpressae nares, nasi primoris acumen tenve, cavati oculi, cava tempora, frigida pellis duraque in ore, iacens rictu, frons tenta manebat. nec nimio rigida post artus morte iacebant. octavoque fere candenti lumine solis aut etiam nona reddebant lampade vitam.

Munro: And if any of them at that time had shunned the doom of death, yet in after time consumption and death would await him from noisome ulcers and the black discharge of the bowels, or else a quantity of purulent blood accompanied by headache would often pass out by the gorged nostrils: into these the whole strength and substance of the man would stream. Then too if any one had escaped the acrid discharge of noisome blood, the disease would yet pass into his sinews and joints and onward even into the sexual organs of the body; and some from excessive dread of the gates of death would live bereaved of these parts by the knife; and some though without hands and feet would continue in life, and some would lose their eyes: with such force had the fear of death come upon them. And some were seized with such utter loss of memory that they did not know themselves.

Dunster: But if any of the infected, as some did, escaped with life, either the filthy ulcers breaking, or by a most offensive looseness, they fell at last into a consumption, and then died; or streams of corrupted blood, with grievous headache, flowed from his stuffed nostrils, and thus his strength and life ran out, and the wretch bled to death. Such as escaped a sharp flux of filthy blood at the nose, the poison pierced into their nerves and limbs, and seized upon their very genitals; and some were so terrified at the approach of death that they suffered the virile member to be cut off to preserve life. Some remained alive without hands and feet, and some lost their eyes, so terrible was the fear of death to these miserable wretches. Some were seized with an entire forgetfulness of every thing; they did not so much as know themselves.

Latin: Quorum siquis, ut est, vitarat funera leti, ulceribus taetris et nigra proluvie alvi posterius tamen hunc tabes letumque manebat, aut etiam multus capitis cum saepe dolore corruptus sanguis expletis naribus ibat. huc hominis totae vires corpusque fluebat. profluvium porro qui taetri sanguinis acre exierat, tamen in nervos huic morbus et artus ibat et in partis genitalis corporis ipsas. et graviter partim metuentes limina leti vivebant ferro privati parte virili, et manibus sine non nulli pedibusque manebant in vita tamen et perdebant lumina partim. usque adeo mortis metus iis incesserat acer. atque etiam quosdam cepere oblivia rerum cunctarum, neque se possent cognoscere ut ipsi.

Munro: And though bodies lay in heaps above bodies unburied on the ground, yet would the race of birds and beasts either scour faraway, to escape the acrid stench, or where anyone had tasted, it drooped in near-following death. Though hardly at all in those days would any bird appear, or the sullen breeds of wild beasts quit the forests. Many would droop with disease and die: above all faithful dogs would lie stretched in all the streets and yield up breath with a struggle, for the power of disease would wrench life from their frame.

Dunster: When heaps of bodies lay one upon another, unburied, upon the ground, yet the birds of prey, and the wild beasts, either kept at a distance to avoid the noisome stench, or if they tasted they soon died. At that time no birds appeared abroad in the day, nor did the wild beasts leave the woods by night; many of them were infected with the disease, and fell down dead; the faithful dogs especially lay gaping out their infected breath in every street, for the poison drove out life from every limb.

Latin: Multaque humi cum inhumata iacerent corpora supra corporibus, tamen alituum genus atque ferarum aut procul absiliebat, ut acrem exiret odorem, aut, ubi gustarat, languebat morte propinqua. nec tamen omnino temere illis solibus ulla comparebat avis, nec tristia saecla ferarum exibant silvis. languebant pleraque morbo et moriebantur. cum primis fida canum vis strata viis animam ponebat in omnibus aegre; extorquebat enim vitam vis morbida membris.

Munro: Funerals lonely, unattended, would be hurried on with emulous haste. And no sure and general method of cure was found; for that which had given to one man the power to inhale the vital air and to gaze on the quarters of heaven, would be destruction to others and would bring on death.

Dunster: The many funerals of the dead were hurried away without order, and unattended. Nor was their any certain remedy to be applied; for what was of service to some, and relieved the patient, and preserved life, was fatal and brought death to others.

Latin: Incomitata rapi certabant funera vasta nec ratio remedii communis certa dabatur; nam quod ali dederat vitalis aeëris auras volvere in ore licere et caeli templa tueri, hoc aliis erat exitio letumque parabat.

Munro: But in such times this was what was deplorable and above all eminently heart-rending: when a man saw himself enmeshed by the disease, as though he were doomed to death, losing all spirit he would lie with sorrow-stricken heart, and with his, thoughts turned on death would surrender his life then and there. Ay for at no time did they cease to catch from one another the infection of the devouring plague, like to woolly flocks and horned herds. And this all heaped death on death: whenever any refused to attend their own sick, killing neglect soon after would punish them for their too great love of life and fear of death by a foul and evil death, abandoned in turn, forlorn of help. But they who had stayed which shame would then compel them to undergo and the sick man’s accents of affection mingled with those of complaining: this kind of death the most virtuous would meet.

Dunster: But the most wretched and deplorable thing of all, at this time, was that when once a person found himself infected with the disease, as if a sentence of death had passed upon him, his spirits failed him, he fell into melancholy and despair, thought of nothing but death, and so gave up the ghost. And funerals were heaped one upon another, because the fierce contagion of the disease incessantly raged, and carried on the infection. And if any one, too fond of life, and fearing to die, avoided to visit the miserable sick, the same want of help was soon his own punishment; he died in a filthy and deplorable manner, abandoned, and without assistance, and perished by neglect, like the wretched beasts of the field. And those who were compelled by shame, and by the moving cries and piteous moans of their friends, to attend them in their distress, were seized by the infection, and died by the disease and the fatigue. Indeed the most pious among them lost their lives in this manner:

Latin: Illud in his rebus miserandum magnopere unum aerumnabile erat, quod ubi se quisque videbat implicitum morbo, morti damnatus ut esset, deficiens animo maesto cum corde iacebat, funera respectans animam amittebat ibidem. quippe etenim nullo cessabant tempore apisci ex aliis alios avidi contagia morbi, lanigeras tam quam pecudes et bucera saecla, idque vel in primis cumulabat funere funus nam qui cumque suos fugitabant visere ad aegros, vitai nimium cupidos mortisque timentis poenibat paulo post turpi morte malaque, desertos, opis expertis, incuria mactans. qui fuerant autem praesto, contagibus ibant atque labore, pudor quem tum cogebat obire blandaque lassorum vox mixta voce querellae. optimus hoc leti genus ergo quisque subibat.

Munro: ..... and different bodies on by them, would perish by infection and the labor different piles, struggling as they did to bury the multitude of their dead: then spent with tears and grief they would go home; and in great part they would take to their bed from sorrow. And none could be found whom at so fearful a time neither disease nor death nor mourning assailed.

Dunster: And when they had endeavored to bury the bodies of whole families of their friends, among those of the friends of others, they returned, wearied with grief and weeping, and most of them took to their beds for sorrow. And there was not one to be found who, in this calamitous time, had not grievously suffered, either by the disease, or by death, or by the most bitter pain and anguish of mind.

Latin: ......

Munro: Then too every shepherd and herdsman, ay and sturdy guider of the bent plow sickened; and their bodies would lie huddled together in the corners of a hut, delivered over to death by poverty and disease. Sometimes you might see lifeless bodies of parents above their lifeless children, and then the reverse of this, children giving up life above their mothers and fathers.

Dunster: Besides, the shepherds and the herdsmen, and the lusty ploughman pined away with the infection; their bodies lay miserably stretched out in their close narrow huts, and died of poverty and the disease. You might frequently see the dead parents lying over their dead children, and again, the children expiring upon the bodies of their wretched mothers and fathers.

Latin: Praeterea iam pastor et armentarius omnis et robustus item curvi moderator aratri languebat, penitusque casa contrusa iacebant corpora paupertate et morbo dedita morti. exanimis pueris super exanimata parentum corpora non numquam posses retroque videre matribus et patribus natos super edere vitam.

Munro: And in no small measure that affliction streamed from the land into the town, brought thither by the sickening crowd of peasants meeting plague-stricken from every side. They would fill all places and buildings: wherefore all the more the heat would \[destroy them and\] thus close-packed death would pile them up in heaps. Many bodies drawn forth by thirst and tumbled out along the street would lie extended by the fountains of water, the breath of life cut off from their too great delight in water; and over all the open places of the people and the streets you might see many limbs drooping with their half-lifeless body, foul with stench and covered with rags, perish away from filth of body, with nothing but skin on their bones, now nearly buried in noisome sores and dirt.

Dunster: Nor was it a small addition to this plague that was brought from the country to the city; for the infected peasants flocked higher in multitudes from all parts, and carried the sickness along with them. They filled all the houses, and all places; and as they were pent up close together, death had the greater power to slay them in heaps. Many bodies lay along in the streets, gasping for thirst; and, rolling to the public conduits, they drank insatiably and were suffocated with water. Others you might see in the highways and common places, languishing, with their bodies half dead, horrible with filth, covered with rags, and rotting with the corruption of the limbs; there was nothing but skin upon the bones, and that putrefied with eating ulcers, and buried in nastiness.

Latin: Nec minimam partem ex agris maeror is in urbem confluxit, languens quem contulit agricolarum copia conveniens ex omni morbida parte. omnia conplebant loca tectaque quo magis aestu, confertos ita acervatim mors accumulabat. multa siti prostrata viam per proque voluta corpora silanos ad aquarum strata iacebant interclusa anima nimia ab dulcedine aquarum, multaque per populi passim loca prompta viasque languida semanimo cum corpore membra videres horrida paedore et pannis cooperta perire, corporis inluvie, pelli super ossibus una, ulceribus taetris prope iam sordeque sepulta.

Munro: All the holy sanctuaries of the gods too death had filled with lifeless bodies, and all the temples of the heavenly powers in all parts stood burdened with carcases: all which places the wardens had thronged with guests. For now no longer the worship of the gods or their divinities were greatly regarded: so overmastering was the present affliction. Nor did those rites of sepulture continue in force in the city, with which that pious folk had always been wont to be buried; for the whole of it was in dismay and confusion, and each man would sorrowfully bury as the present moment allowed. And the sudden pressure and poverty prompted to many frightful acts; thus with a loud uproar they would place their own kinsfolk upon the funeral piles of others, and apply torches, quarreling often with much bloodshed sooner than abandon the bodies. END Title: Lucretius Book One Author: HAJ Munro Year: 1816

Dunster: And lastly, death had filled all the temples of the gods with dead bodies, all the shrines of the celestial deities were loaded everywhere with carcasses. The priests furnished these places with such wretched guests. Nor was there any reverence paid to the gods; their divinities were no more regarded; for the present calamity overcame everything. Nor did the people any longer observe that custom of sepulture they had ever followed, which was to bury their dead in the city. They were all distracted and amazed, and every one buried his wretched friend as the exigency of things would permit. And sudden rage, and dreadful poverty, drove men into many outrageous actions: They would place their relations, with violent outcries, upon the funeral piles that were raised for others, and light the fire; and often quarrel, with much loss of blood, rather than forsake the bodies of their friends. END OF POEM Author: Samuel Dunster Year: 1743

Latin: Omnia denique sancta deum delubra replerat corporibus mors exanimis onerataque passim cuncta cadaveribus caelestum templa manebant, hospitibus loca quae complerant aedituentes. nec iam religio divom nec numina magni pendebantur enim: praesens dolor exsuperabat. nec mos ille sepulturae remanebat in urbe, quo prius hic populus semper consuerat humari; perturbatus enim totus trepidabat et unus quisque suum pro re [cognatum] maestus humabat. multaque [res] subita et paupertas horrida suasit; namque suos consanguineos aliena rogorum insuper extructa ingenti clamore locabant subdebantque faces, multo cum sanguine saepe rixantes, potius quam corpora desererentur, inque aliis alium populum sepelire suorum certantes; lacrimis lassi luctuque redibant; inde bonam partem in lectum maerore dabantur; nec poterat quisquam reperiri, quem neque morbus nec mors nec luctus temptaret tempore tali. FINI