Posts by wbernys

Wanted to establish this thread for more detailed discussion of this fragment.

Quote

In his Problems, Epicurus asks himself if a Sage, knowing they will not be caught, will do anything the law forbids?

First of all, it is likely Plutarch is being typically unfair here, as i imagine right after this Epicurus may have mentioned examples like helping a friend, or acquiring food in need. But Plutarch uses this to suggest unfairly Epicurus would be okay with things like murder or sexual assault. Notice how Plutarch conveniently doesn't mention what the "anything the law forbids" actually is.

For my part, i believe the proper interpretation of this can be as follows and requires a careful reading of PD35, which is related.

Quote

It is impossible to be confident that you will escape detection when secretly doing something contrary to an agreement to not harm one another or be harmed, even if currently you do so countless times; for until your death you will be uncertain that you have escaped detection. (Peter Saint Andre translation)

In this Principal Doctrine, Epicurus seems to specify that is it the agreement to neither harm each other which is genuinely impossible to have confidence in escaping. However, despite Hicks translation that "It is impossible for the man who secretly violates any article of the social compact to feel confident that he will remain undiscovered," The Greek itself to indicates the "neither harm nor be harmed" being specified, so things like murder, sexual assault, terrorism, and theft done in a way which genuinely threatens or harms someone else, such as stealing their entire life's savings or hostage taking for extortion, but not just any part of the law preventing confidence in escaping.

I think it follows that Epicurus thinks there may be instances where the Sage breaking the law may be "hard to determine" for Epicurus, obvious cases being helping a friend, escaping a country if one needs to, or getting food without better options, along with other more minor things such as gambling, piracy, speeding, taxation loopholes, or other things, if unenforced or secrecy is assured, while i still believe he would generally advise against heavy use in such things for their anxiety. He considers these more "hard to determine" unlike examples of harming another person, which the Sage would say "absolutely not". It is these things which is the part of "living justly" as per Principle Doctrine 5

In short, while strictly rejecting anything which genuinely harms another as preventing serenity of the mind permanently because the nature of "harming one another" always creates fear of discovery, heavy punishment, and resentment, but other things without this nature which don't produce the same anxiety or risk, are more "hard to determine" and context dependent but generally discouraged.

This brings me to a related question which i hope someone like Bryan or Don could answer.

Philodemus, in On Choices and Avoidances Column 14, mentions a virtue called "φιλοποητικῶς" which is translated as "in a way that makes friends" or "makes friends" or "makes and keeps friends" by various translators I've seen.

Would this word more so mean make deep and connecting friendships or just generally acting friendly and affable/genial towards other people? For example is "being friendly" a good translation?

Also curious if this is related to his other word right after called "φιλανθρ]ώπως" Which is translated as "Philanthropic", I personally translate it as "Benevolence".

Quote from Cassius

with one side incorporating joy and delight along with tranquility into the wider concept of pleasure as all that is desirable,

This is a great summarization of my views, along with what I believe Epicurus believed.

Someone feeling perpetual joy or delight is not in any way inferior or superior to feeling constant Serenity or Tranquility. Both are equally Pleaseant. Kinetic and Katastematic pleasures are variations of pleasure. Pretty sure this is Austin's view and Gosling and Taylor's as well. They are variations of the same condition, Epicurus recognized this variation (Dissgreeing with Kolosky) but didn't consider it a huge deal.

This is why Tranquility is not the absolute goal, but any continuous Pleaseant state, whethe it be either constant Tranquility/Serenity or Joy/Delight.

Although I think practically Epicurus more so focused on what prevents tranquility when we rest (our fears and vices). But as he says in PD 10, if one removes these fears and vices by constant debauchery or joy, it's equally valid.

Do you agree Max DuBoff?

Quote from Max DuBoff

Epicurus, like many Greek philosophers, thinks that a good life is a perfect life (pantelēs; PD 20, 21; Pyth. 116). It's not clear to me exactly why he holds this assumption (very curious for your thoughts; I think this is one of the big puzzles of his ethics, for which we don't have extant sources).

I think this is because of the dominance of Plato, he wants to respond to the Platonic objection that the good life can't be one filled with pleasure because pleasure doesn't have a perfectly attainable limit for humans to reach. So the good must be perfect was the accepted belief.

Epicurus responds that Pleasure can be perfect (in removing all pain, often thought the neutral state) and afterwards admits only variation. Just as the Stoic sage may vary in different qualities (rich/poor, young/old, Greek/Non-Greek), but not be more wise, pleasure varies in state to state (Joy/Tranquility), but not be more perfect.

Quote from Max DuBoff

What it doesn't mean (in my view) is that tranquility feels great in the way that caviar or a beautiful view does.

I would slightly disagree, caviar and a beautiful view do feel great in the same way as tranquility, afterall pleasure reach it's limit in removing pain, it's just that tranquility (like all mental feelings) last a lot longer and are more intense because of it being affected by past, present, and future, and thus more important.

Good to hear Austin is working on something!

Quote from Don

FYI...

Epicurus: Fragments - translation

Yeah I know. I just wanted a collection of some of the best on the site so more could see them especially, i did something on reddit as well. Plus i like having more stuff on the site.

Hello Max DuBoff, sorry for not saying hi earlier but happy to have you here! Your articles look great, by the way, just read them, and match my own thoughts. Do you know (or are allowed to share) if Emily Austin has any new works on Epicurus coming out? I really enjoyed her book and hoped she would do more!

From my own understanding on the whole tranquility vs pleasure issue, i personally take naming pleasure as the highest good as an example of intellectual bravery of Epicurus, in not using terms with empty meaning, or dancing around the actual reasons people pursue things, this is what Epicurus really hated.

The funniest example of this is how the other philosophies try to justify friendship, for us it's easy, because it brings us pleasure to have someone who cares about us and we can trust, but Seneca has to dance around this, saying it's for "the purpose of practicing friendships, in order that his noble qualities may not lie dormant...he may have someone by whose sickbed he himself may sit or whom he may himself release when that person is held prisoner by hostile hands." and Aristotle says true friendship is just a "respect between two people for their virtue". Which is rather laughably ad hoc and clearly trying to find a justification for friendship in their rather unhuman ethical frameworks.

I spoke with Martin about this sort of bravery, basically that Epicurus could have used any similar term like Tranquility or flourishing, but these terms are empty if they don't grasp at what we really want from these, Pleasure.

It is the pleasure we get from tranquility and flourishing that we want from it, same with friendship, not them by themselves. So it is pleasure we want, and is the ultimate goal, not just tranquility, although it is a great pleasure.

Similar with using "Virtue" or "Honor" as an empty term, if not connected with the pleasure they bring. It's meaningless if not connectced with pleasure.

Quote from Cassius

Did Emily Austin make a mistake in entitling her book "Living For Pleasure?" Should she have titled it "Living For Ataraxia/Tranquility"?

Of course not! Like i said intellectual bravery requires naming pleasure, not just tranquility by itself, as the true goal, and am happy Epicurus does so. But she goes on the first chapter to say "Epicurus considers that stable anxiety free state the ultimate pleasure, we'll call it tranquility, although Epicurus wrote in Greek, so he called it Ataraxia"

So pleasure is clearly the absolute goal, but mostly defined the absence of distrubance, which is itself a pleasure. I don't think ultimate pleasure, but certainly a pleasure worth pursuing, like all others if not outweighted by pain.

Okay i made separate threads for each founder. Please use them for any further discussion or listing of any other quotes. Hope you all enjoy!

Please use this thread for any quotes of Metrodorus you may find. Please exclude those also mentioned in the Vatican Sayings that he likely said.

All the Good of mortals is mortal. Moral Letters to Lucilius/Book XVI, Letter 96, line 9.

There is a type of pleasure related to sadness, which we must chase after in these times (written to his sister Batis, who recently lost a young child) -Seneca, Moral Letters to Lucilius 99, line 25.

Do not seek for things to happen as you wish, rather wish for things to happen as they happen - Metrodorus. Maximus the Confessor, PG 91, section 355 end, Catholic Library website.

I have prevented you, Fortune; I have caught you, and cut off every access, so that you cannot possibly reach me. Cicero. Tusculan Disputations. book 5, chapter 9, line 27.

The source of happiness in ourselves [is] greater than that which arises from objects - Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, book two, line 21.

We are not called to save the nation or get crowned by it for wisdom; what is called for, my dear Timocrates, is to eat and to drink wine, gratifying the belly without harming it.} ... It made me both happy and confident to have learned from Epicurus how to gratify the belly properly. ... {The belly, Timocrates, my man of wisdom, is the region that contains the highest end.} - Plutarch, That Epicurus actually makes a pleasant life impossible, 16, p. 1098D.

Metrodorus makes such a distinction in On Change, and says that he thinks "a compound made up of things that do not exist as numerically distinct is not only indestructible, but also is divine". Philodemus On Piety, Column 4. See Note 1.

Metrodorus, when he says “the rage of the wise man” in its true sense, shows also that he feels it “very briefly.” Philodemus On Anger, Column 45.

Metrodorus writes that, although he likes the idea that the best life is the one that is accompanied by tranquility, peace, and cares that cause minimal trouble, it does not seem that this goal is achieved at least in this way, namely, if we avoid all those things over which, if they were present, we would sometimes experience difficulties and distress. For in truth many things do cause some pain if they are present but disturb us more if they are absent. Philodemus. On Property Management, Column 12-13. Note: unclear how much of this is actually Metrodorus or Philodemus.

Note 1. Unclear meaning, related to debate on Epicurean Gods. some take it to mean that the image of a god is made of similar images but "gods" don't actually exist under the idealist interpretation, others think it means the gods take in new "parts" or "atoms" which keep it unified and everlasting even though it's not always the same entity under the realist interpretation.

Please use this thread for any lesser known quotes (Outside his extant letters, Principal Doctrines, Vatican Sayings) for any quotes of Epicurus you may find.

Please only do direct quotations to ensure accuracy. Some "quotes" like the famous "Worthless is the word of that Philosopher which does not heal any man, just as there is no worth in medicine if it does not heal the sickness of our bodies, so too there is no use in Philosophy if it does not heal the sickness in our souls" Is a great quote which Epicurus likely used, but not a direct quotation with confident attribution.

A unnoble soul is made vain by prosperity, and struck down by misfortune - Epicurus. Maximus the Confessor, PG 91, section 316 middle bottom, Catholic Library website.

If an enemy makes a request, don't immediately reject it, just protect yourself, for they are like a a dog - Epicurus Maximus the Confessor, PG 91, section 391 end, Catholic Library website.

Don't avoid doing small favors, for you will seem like this for bigger matters. - Epicurus. Maximus the Confessor. Could not find on website but accepted by all experts, see Usener 214, Pg. 3, on Attalus.org

He who needs tomorrow the least, enjoys it the most - Epicurus. Plutarch, On Peace of Mind, 16 p. 474C

The greatest fruit of Justice is peace of mind - Epicurus. Clement of Alexandria, Miscellanies, VI.2

Sustainability is the greatest of all riches. - Epicurus. Clement of Alexandria, Miscellanies, VI.2, p.226.38

Cherish men of noble character, and keep him within your sight, living as if he was watching you, and doing everything as he saw your actions" - Epicurus. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 11.8

If you shape your life according to nature, you will never be poor; if you do so according to opinion, you will never be rich. - Epicurus. Letters to Lucilius, 16.7

Do everything as if Epicurus were watching you - Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 25.5

it is nobler, and more pleasant, to give help than to receive it. - Epicurus, Plutarch, Philosophers and Men in Power, 3, p.778E

The memory of a departed friend is pleasant in every way- Epicurus. Plutarch, That Epicurus actually makes a pleasant life impossible, 28, p.1105D.

Epicurus makes clear in his First Appellations both that the sage ‘will experience rage‘ and (will experience it) “in moderation,” Philodemus On Anger, Column 45

For in On Lifecourses Epicurus says that to pray is natural. On Piety, Column 26.

Let us sacrifice to the gods’, he Epicurus says, ‘devoutly and fittingly on the proper days, and let us fittingly perform all the acts of worship in accordance with the laws, in no way disturbing ourselves with opinions in matters concerning the most excellent and august of being. Moreover, let us sacrifice justly, on the view that I was giving. For in this way it is possible for mortal nature, by Zeus, to live like Zeus, as it seems.’ Column 31.

And in his Symposium concerning the rites Epicurus says: ‘Let us celebrate the festivals’ and ‘Make fine sacrifices to a god"

And (name missing, we will assume Epicurus) says ‘Not only will the wise man sing praises of the sacrifices, but also, at the rites, of gods"

Sadly little survives of Hermarchus. Please use this thread only for any more qoutes you find. To begin I will start with the incredibly detailed and long qoutation of Hermarchus on how laws against murder and manslaughter, along with why animals are excluded from these laws below, from Topos Text website. By Porphyry in abstinence from killing animals. Translation by Thomas Taylor.

1.7 The Arguments of the Epicureans, from Hermarchus

The Epicureans, however, narrating, as it were, a long genealogy, say, that the ancient legislators, looking to the association of life, and the mutual actions of men, proclaimed that manslaughter was unholy, and punished it with no casual disgrace. Perhaps, indeed, a certain natural alliance which exists in men towards each other, though the similitude of form and soul, is the reason why they do not so readily destroy an animal of this kind, as some of the other animals which are conceded to our use. Nevertheless, the greatest cause why manslaughter was considered as a thing grievous to be borne, and impious, was the opinion that it did not contribute to the whole nature and condition of human life. For, from a principle of this kind, those who are capable of perceiving the advantage arising from this decree, require no other cause of being restrained from a deed so dire. But those who are not able to have a sufficient perception of this, being terrified by the magnitude of the punishment, will abstain from readily destroying each other. For those, indeed, who survey the utility of the before-mentioned ordinance, will promptly observe it; but those who are not able to perceive the benefit with which it is attended, will obey the mandate, in consequence of fearing the threatenings of the laws; which threatenings certain persons ordained for the sake of those who could not, by a reasoning process, infer the beneficial tendency of the decree, at the same time that most would admit this to be evident.

Event Date: -1 GR

§ 1.8 For none of those legal institutes which were established from the [15] first, whether written or unwritten, and which still remain, and are adapted to be transmitted, [from one generation to another] became lawful through violence, but through the consent of those that used them. For those who introduced things of this kind to the multitude, excelled in wisdom, and not in strength of body, and the power which subjugates the rabble. Hence, through this, some were led to a rational consideration of utility, of which they had only an irrational sensation, and which they had frequently forgotten; but others were terrified by the magnitude of the punishments. For it was not possible to use any other remedy for the ignorance of what is beneficial than the dread of the punishment ordained by law. For this alone even now keeps the vulgar in awe, and prevents them from doing any thing, either publicly or privately, which is not beneficial [to the community]. But if all men were similarly capable of surveying and recollecting what is advantageous, there would be no need of laws, but men would spontaneously avoid such things as are prohibited, and perform such as they were ordered to do. For a survey of what is useful and detrimental, is a sufficient incentive to the avoidance of the one and the choice of the other. But the infliction of punishment has a reference to those who do not foresee what is beneficial. For impendent punishment forcibly compels such as these to subdue those impulses which lead them to useless actions, and to do that which is right.

Event Date: -1 GR

§ 1.9 Hence also, legislators ordained, that even involuntary manslaughter should not be entirely void of punishment; in order that they might not only afford no pretext for the voluntary imitation of those deeds which were involuntarily performed, but also that they might prevent many things of this kind from taking place, which happen, in reality, involuntarily. For neither is this advantageous through the same causes, by which men were forbidden voluntarily to destroy each other. Since, therefore, of involuntary deeds, some proceed from a cause which is unstable, and which cannot be guarded against by human nature; but others are produced by our negligence and inattention to different circumstances; hence legislators, wishing to restrain that indolence which is injurious to our neighbours, did not even leave an involuntary noxious deed without punishment, but, through the fear of penalties, prevented the commission of numerous offences of this kind. I also am of opinion, that the slaughters which are allowed by law, and which receive their accustomed expiations through certain purifications, were introduced by those ancient legislators, who first very properly instituted these things for no other reason than that they wished to prevent men as much as possible from voluntary slaughter. For the [16] vulgar everywhere require something which may impede them from promptly performing what is not advantageous [to the community]. Hence those who first perceived this to be the case, not only ordained the punishment of fines, but also excited a certain other irrational dread, though proclaiming those not to be pure who in any way whatever had slain a man, unless they used purifications after the commission of the deed. For that part of the soul which is void of intellect, being variously disciplined, acquired a becoming mildness, certain taming arts having been from the first invented for the purpose of subduing the irrational impulses of desire, by those who governed the people. And one of the precepts promulgated on this occasion was, that men should not destroy each other without discrimination.

Event Date: -1 GR

§ 1.10 Those, however, who first defined what we ought to do, and what we ought not, very properly did not forbid us to kill other animals. For the advantage arising from these is effected by a contrary practice, since it is not possible that men could be preserved, unless they endeavoured to defend those who are nurtured with themselves from the attacks of other animals. At that time, therefore, some of those, of the most elegant manners, recollecting that they abstained from slaughter because it was useful to the public safety, they also reminded the rest of the people in their mutual associations of what was the consequence of this abstinence; in order that, by refraining from the slaughter of their kindred, they might preserve that communion which greatly contributes to the peculiar safety of each individual. But it was not only found to be useful for men not to separate from each other, and not to do any thing injurious to those who were collected together in the same place, for the purpose of repelling the attacks of animals of another species; but also for defence against men whose design was to act nefariously. To a certain extent, therefore, they abstained from the slaughter of men, for these reasons, viz. in order that there might be a communion among them in things that are necessary, and that a certain utility might be afforded in each of the above-mentioned incommodities. In the course of time, however, when the offspring of mankind, through their intercourse with each other, became more widely extended, and animals of a different species were expelled, certain persons directed their attention in a rational way to what was useful to men in their mutual nutriment, and did not alone recall this to their memory in an irrational manner.

Event Date: -1 GR

§ 1.11 Hence they endeavoured still more firmly to restrain those who readily destroyed each other, and who, through an oblivion of past [17] transactions, prepared a more imbecile defence. But in attempting to effect this, they introduced those legal institutes which still remain in cities and nations; the multitude spontaneously assenting to them, in consequence of now perceiving, in a greater degree, the advantage arising from an association with each other. For the destruction of every thing noxious, and the preservation of that which is subservient to its extermination, similarly contribute to a fearless life. And hence it is reasonable to suppose, that one of the above-mentioned particulars was forbidden, but that the other was not prohibited. Nor must it be said, that the law allows us to destroy some animals which are not corruptive of human nature, and which are not in any other way injurious to our life. For as I may say, no animal among those which the law permits us to kill is of this kind; since, if we suffered them to increase excessively, they would become injurious to us. But through the number of them which is now preserved, certain advantages are imparted to human life. For sheep and oxen, and every such like animal, when the number of them is moderate, are beneficial to our necessary wants; but if they become redundant in the extreme, and far exceed the number which is sufficient, they then become detrimental to our life; the latter by employing their strength, in consequence of participating of this through an innate power of nature, and the former, by consuming the nutriment which springs up from the earth for our benefit alone. Hence, through this cause, the slaughter of animals of this kind is not prohibited, in order that as many of them as are sufficient for our use, and which we may be able easily to subdue, may be left. For it is not with horses, oxen, and sheep, and with all tame animals, as it is with lions and wolves, and, in short, with all such as are called savage animals, that, whether the number of them is small or great, no multitude of them can be assumed, which, if left, would alleviate the necessity of our life. And on this account, indeed, we utterly destroy some of them; but of others, we take away as many as are found to be more than commensurate to our use.

Event Date: -1 GR

§ 1.12 On this account, from the above-mentioned causes, it is similarly requisite to think, that what pertains to the eating of animals, was ordained by those who from the first established the laws; and that the advantageous and the disadvantageous were the causes why some animals were permitted to be eaten and others not. So that those who assert, that every thing beautiful and just subsists conformably to the peculiar opinions of men respecting those who establish the laws, are full of a certain most profound stupidity. For it is not possible that this thing can take place in any other way than that in which the other utilities of [18] life subsist, such as those that are salubrious, and an innumerable multitude of others. Erroneous opinions, however, are entertained in many particulars, both of a public and private nature. For certain persons do not perceive those legal institutes, which are similarly adapted to all men; but some, conceiving them to rank among things of an indifferent nature, omit them; while others, who are of a contrary opinion, think that such things as are not universally profitable, are every where advantageous. Hence, through this cause, they adhere to things which are inappropriate; though in certain particulars they discover what is advantageous to themselves, and what contributes to general utility. And among these are to be enumerated the eating of animals, and the legally ordained destructions which are instituted by most nations on account of the peculiarity of the region. It is not necessary, however, that these institutes should be preserved by us, because we do not dwell in the same place as those did by whom they were made. If, therefore, it was possible to make a certain compact with other animals in the same manner as with men, that we should not kill them, nor they us, and that they should not be indiscriminately destroyed by us, it would be well to extend justice as far as to this; for this extent of it would be attended with security. But since it is among things impossible, that animals which are not recipients of reason should participate with us of law, on this account, utility cannot be in a greater degree procured by security from other animals, than from inanimate natures. But we can alone obtain security from the liberty which we now possess of putting them to death. And such are the arguments of the Epicureans

Collection of qoutes I found, hope others find more! Please use this thread only for more qoutes.

The more you help a friend, the more you help yourself, as their goodwill returns to us. - Polyaenus. Maximus the Confessor, PG 91, section 283 end, Catholic Library website.

Don't lament those who die, such a thing is inevitable, rather lament those who died shamefully - Polyaenus, Maximus the Confessor, PG 91, section 347 top, Catholic Library website.

Neither ridicule nor celebrate those among us, for ridicule invites resentment and celebration invites flattery - Polyaenus, Maximus the Confessor, PG 91, section 356 end, Catholic Encyclopedia website.

Habit aims at small things, that when neglected, gain strength - Polyaenus. Maximus the Confessor, PG 91, section 385 middle, Catholic Library website.

Sure. I'll do that, I'm just gonna keep this up as well.

Don, could you give a few excerpts in English? it's in German I think and I wouldn't want others to go through the hassle of translation.

Hello all, i want to start this thread for quotes belonging to other Epicurean founders. Obviously Epicurus has own collection so i wanted to put a place for the other founders of our philosophy in once place to remember them by. Hope others can pitch in with other quotes. Some of my own translations below.

The more you help a friend, the more you help yourself, as their goodwill returns to us. - Polyaenus. Maximus the Confessor, PG 91, section 283 end, Catholic Library website.

Don't lament those who die, such a thing is inevitable, rather lament those who died shamefully - Polyaenus, Maximus the Confessor, PG 91, section 347 top, Catholic Library website.

Do not seek for things to happen as you wish, rather wish for things to happen as they happen - Metrodorus. Maximus the Confessor, PG 91, section 355 end, Catholic Library website.

Neither ridicule nor celebrate those among us, for ridicule invites resentment and celebration invites flattery - Polyaenus, Maximus the Confessor, PG 91, section 356 end, Catholic Encyclopedia website.

Habit aims at small things, that when neglected, gain strength - Polyaenus. Maximus the Confessor, PG 91, section 385 middle, Catholic Library website.

Very long quotation or paraphrase from Hermarchus on the origins of laws against murder and manslaughter, along with why animals are not protected under law from killing them. Porphyry, On Abstinence from Animal Food, from Topos text 1.7-1.12 Translation of Thomas Taylor.

1.7 The Arguments of the Epicureans, from Hermarchus
The Epicureans, however, narrating, as it were, a long genealogy, say, that the ancient legislators, looking to the association of life, and the mutual actions of men, proclaimed that manslaughter was unholy, and punished it with no casual disgrace. Perhaps, indeed, a certain natural alliance which exists in men towards each other, though the similitude of form and soul, is the reason why they do not so readily destroy an animal of this kind, as some of the other animals which are conceded to our use. Nevertheless, the greatest cause why manslaughter was considered as a thing grievous to be borne, and impious, was the opinion that it did not contribute to the whole nature and condition of human life. For, from a principle of this kind, those who are capable of perceiving the advantage arising from this decree, require no other cause of being restrained from a deed so dire. But those who are not able to have a sufficient perception of this, being terrified by the magnitude of the punishment, will abstain from readily destroying each other. For those, indeed, who survey the utility of the before-mentioned ordinance, will promptly observe it; but those who are not able to perceive the benefit with which it is attended, will obey the mandate, in consequence of fearing the threatenings of the laws; which threatenings certain persons ordained for the sake of those who could not, by a reasoning process, infer the beneficial tendency of the decree, at the same time that most would admit this to be evident.

Event Date: -1 GR

§ 1.8 For none of those legal institutes which were established from the [15] first, whether written or unwritten, and which still remain, and are adapted to be transmitted, [from one generation to another] became lawful through violence, but through the consent of those that used them. For those who introduced things of this kind to the multitude, excelled in wisdom, and not in strength of body, and the power which subjugates the rabble. Hence, through this, some were led to a rational consideration of utility, of which they had only an irrational sensation, and which they had frequently forgotten; but others were terrified by the magnitude of the punishments. For it was not possible to use any other remedy for the ignorance of what is beneficial than the dread of the punishment ordained by law. For this alone even now keeps the vulgar in awe, and prevents them from doing any thing, either publicly or privately, which is not beneficial [to the community]. But if all men were similarly capable of surveying and recollecting what is advantageous, there would be no need of laws, but men would spontaneously avoid such things as are prohibited, and perform such as they were ordered to do. For a survey of what is useful and detrimental, is a sufficient incentive to the avoidance of the one and the choice of the other. But the infliction of punishment has a reference to those who do not foresee what is beneficial. For impendent punishment forcibly compels such as these to subdue those impulses which lead them to useless actions, and to do that which is right.

Event Date: -1 GR

§ 1.9 Hence also, legislators ordained, that even involuntary manslaughter should not be entirely void of punishment; in order that they might not only afford no pretext for the voluntary imitation of those deeds which were involuntarily performed, but also that they might prevent many things of this kind from taking place, which happen, in reality, involuntarily. For neither is this advantageous through the same causes, by which men were forbidden voluntarily to destroy each other. Since, therefore, of involuntary deeds, some proceed from a cause which is unstable, and which cannot be guarded against by human nature; but others are produced by our negligence and inattention to different circumstances; hence legislators, wishing to restrain that indolence which is injurious to our neighbours, did not even leave an involuntary noxious deed without punishment, but, through the fear of penalties, prevented the commission of numerous offences of this kind. I also am of opinion, that the slaughters which are allowed by law, and which receive their accustomed expiations through certain purifications, were introduced by those ancient legislators, who first very properly instituted these things for no other reason than that they wished to prevent men as much as possible from voluntary slaughter. For the [16] vulgar everywhere require something which may impede them from promptly performing what is not advantageous [to the community]. Hence those who first perceived this to be the case, not only ordained the punishment of fines, but also excited a certain other irrational dread, though proclaiming those not to be pure who in any way whatever had slain a man, unless they used purifications after the commission of the deed. For that part of the soul which is void of intellect, being variously disciplined, acquired a becoming mildness, certain taming arts having been from the first invented for the purpose of subduing the irrational impulses of desire, by those who governed the people. And one of the precepts promulgated on this occasion was, that men should not destroy each other without discrimination.

Event Date: -1 GR

§ 1.10 Those, however, who first defined what we ought to do, and what we ought not, very properly did not forbid us to kill other animals. For the advantage arising from these is effected by a contrary practice, since it is not possible that men could be preserved, unless they endeavoured to defend those who are nurtured with themselves from the attacks of other animals. At that time, therefore, some of those, of the most elegant manners, recollecting that they abstained from slaughter because it was useful to the public safety, they also reminded the rest of the people in their mutual associations of what was the consequence of this abstinence; in order that, by refraining from the slaughter of their kindred, they might preserve that communion which greatly contributes to the peculiar safety of each individual. But it was not only found to be useful for men not to separate from each other, and not to do any thing injurious to those who were collected together in the same place, for the purpose of repelling the attacks of animals of another species; but also for defence against men whose design was to act nefariously. To a certain extent, therefore, they abstained from the slaughter of men, for these reasons, viz. in order that there might be a communion among them in things that are necessary, and that a certain utility might be afforded in each of the above-mentioned incommodities. In the course of time, however, when the offspring of mankind, through their intercourse with each other, became more widely extended, and animals of a different species were expelled, certain persons directed their attention in a rational way to what was useful to men in their mutual nutriment, and did not alone recall this to their memory in an irrational manner.

Event Date: -1 GR

§ 1.11 Hence they endeavoured still more firmly to restrain those who readily destroyed each other, and who, through an oblivion of past [17] transactions, prepared a more imbecile defence. But in attempting to effect this, they introduced those legal institutes which still remain in cities and nations; the multitude spontaneously assenting to them, in consequence of now perceiving, in a greater degree, the advantage arising from an association with each other. For the destruction of every thing noxious, and the preservation of that which is subservient to its extermination, similarly contribute to a fearless life. And hence it is reasonable to suppose, that one of the above-mentioned particulars was forbidden, but that the other was not prohibited. Nor must it be said, that the law allows us to destroy some animals which are not corruptive of human nature, and which are not in any other way injurious to our life. For as I may say, no animal among those which the law permits us to kill is of this kind; since, if we suffered them to increase excessively, they would become injurious to us. But through the number of them which is now preserved, certain advantages are imparted to human life. For sheep and oxen, and every such like animal, when the number of them is moderate, are beneficial to our necessary wants; but if they become redundant in the extreme, and far exceed the number which is sufficient, they then become detrimental to our life; the latter by employing their strength, in consequence of participating of this through an innate power of nature, and the former, by consuming the nutriment which springs up from the earth for our benefit alone. Hence, through this cause, the slaughter of animals of this kind is not prohibited, in order that as many of them as are sufficient for our use, and which we may be able easily to subdue, may be left. For it is not with horses, oxen, and sheep, and with all tame animals, as it is with lions and wolves, and, in short, with all such as are called savage animals, that, whether the number of them is small or great, no multitude of them can be assumed, which, if left, would alleviate the necessity of our life. And on this account, indeed, we utterly destroy some of them; but of others, we take away as many as are found to be more than commensurate to our use.

Event Date: -1 GR

§ 1.12 On this account, from the above-mentioned causes, it is similarly requisite to think, that what pertains to the eating of animals, was ordained by those who from the first established the laws; and that the advantageous and the disadvantageous were the causes why some animals were permitted to be eaten and others not. So that those who assert, that every thing beautiful and just subsists conformably to the peculiar opinions of men respecting those who establish the laws, are full of a certain most profound stupidity. For it is not possible that this thing can take place in any other way than that in which the other utilities of [18] life subsist, such as those that are salubrious, and an innumerable multitude of others. Erroneous opinions, however, are entertained in many particulars, both of a public and private nature. For certain persons do not perceive those legal institutes, which are similarly adapted to all men; but some, conceiving them to rank among things of an indifferent nature, omit them; while others, who are of a contrary opinion, think that such things as are not universally profitable, are every where advantageous. Hence, through this cause, they adhere to things which are inappropriate; though in certain particulars they discover what is advantageous to themselves, and what contributes to general utility. And among these are to be enumerated the eating of animals, and the legally ordained destructions which are instituted by most nations on account of the peculiarity of the region. It is not necessary, however, that these institutes should be preserved by us, because we do not dwell in the same place as those did by whom they were made. If, therefore, it was possible to make a certain compact with other animals in the same manner as with men, that we should not kill them, nor they us, and that they should not be indiscriminately destroyed by us, it would be well to extend justice as far as to this; for this extent of it would be attended with security. But since it is among things impossible, that animals which are not recipients of reason should participate with us of law, on this account, utility cannot be in a greater degree procured by security from other animals, than from inanimate natures. But we can alone obtain security from the liberty which we now possess of putting them to death. And such are the arguments of the Epicureans.

Hey Cassius , did you use the wrong quote?

You're quoting my own quotation of Diogenes but then talking about logical argument about pleasure being the highest good. Unless I'm missing the point.

Quote from Bryan

it’s nice to have Cicero fighting with us, to some degree, against the Stoics.

I tend to be much more sympathetic more to Jack Gedney than Cassius in this question so my thoughts on both.

Criticism of Jack Gedney

His dismissal of Torquatus on "vivid pleasures" is rather "bleh" he merely says that Cicero is slandering Epucureans, which I think is extremely ad hoc.

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Both are from Cicero, who, as Cassius points out, is a hostile critic rather than a sympathetic Epicurean. As I would interpret that fact, that suggests that he is more likely to distort or misunderstand the teaching. If Cicero is the most explicit voice one can find describing Epicureanism as advocating “a life crammed with pleasures,” you should be suspicious.

I for one consider the speech of Torquatus to be wholly epicurean and regularly call back to it!

So to call the part on "vivid pleasures" a distortion because you disagree with it but accept other parts, like Torquatus talking about the absence of pain, as genuinely epicurean seems like cherry picking to me, and it's clear Torquatus considers vivid pleasures as genuinely very good for us, and how the best life is pictured.

I also think his treatment of famous Epicurus qoute on kinetic pleasures is a little odd.

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What does Epicurus actually recommend in regard to food, sex, and aesthetic stimulation? Mostly prudential avoidance.

However, this seems too strong. I also strongly imagine that this is influenced by selection bias of ancient philosophers mainly quoting things which an ancient hedonist would not ordinarily say. This is evidently the reason for why Plutarch sometimes quotes Epicurus for example on saying that it is more pleasant to give than to receive and Marcus Aurelius holding up Epicurus as an example of pain not being so bad or Seneca quoting Epicurus extolling virtue.

Sure Epicurus wants us to avoid pain if we can find a healthier way to get the pleasure we want (such as having sex before or after dinner) or avoid pleasures outweighed by pains but I don't think him giving advice on how to avoid pain from certain activities means those activities are not actually good and desirable, and Epicurus is clear these kinetic pleasures are truly part of THE GOOD. Saying he can't imagine the good without these pleasures clearly indicate they have great value are are worth pursuing, so long as we do it within the hedonic calculus of going after pleasures that are not outweighed by pains and choosing pains that have more pleasures.

Criticism of Cassius.

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2. People who claim that the Letter to Menoeceus emphasizes the avoidance of pain are considering only “a single sentence torn from context.”

This is just wrong in my view, and Jack is absolutley right to point out that it's a lot more than just the one sentence. This is his strongest point by far. It's several sentences and given the fact that the letter to Menoeceus is only supposed to be a short summary which mentions several other subjects, saying that the absence of pain is not important to me is like saying the classification desires, or views on the future, or all pain being short or manageable is not important or "just a single sentence" (about one to two sentences each) even though it has much more length than either of these.

Also Cassius has sometimes made the arguments that pain reduction is the incorrect emphasis because of joys like friendship or owning a pet, which has "inevitably ends in grief" but Jack is right to point out that these things also lead to removal of pain in their own right, such as feelings of loneliness or anxiety, this is explitlictly what makes Friendship necessary for Epicurus, and Jack is right to point out that PD40 seems to say grief is not inevitable, perhaps a natural missing of pleasure, but not really extreme grief.

I also think Jack is right when he says

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Cassius is right in pointing out that PD 3 is not an isolated maxim, but part of an intentional series of Principal Doctrines 1–4 (abbreviated further in the tetrapharmakon). However, looking at this context only underlines the importance of pain reduction in Epicureanism: all four are about pain reduction in the broad sense I describe.

PD3 is meant to be read as an affirmation that pleasure, it's limits understood by reason, can serve as a guide, and that guide seems to be "don't chase after higher and higher pleasures of more stimulation, pleasure reaches it's height in pain removal, calmness and healthiness is as good as sex or fine food". So don't accept those supposedly higher pleasures which have greater pains than they are worth.

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10. The “absence of pain” reading arose from Stoic, religious, and Humanist filters, rather than an objective look at the original Epicurean texts.

Heavily agree with Jack's criticism of this in the blog! I certainly consider this emphasis on absence of pain as purely Epicurean and don't interject other ideas, In fact I tried to do away with other ideas that I had earlier such as Epicurus being a "virtue ethicist" from a previous thread. and I dislike this sort of behavior of seeing any disagreement as a "corruption". I certainly don't think you intentionally do this Cassius but sometimes you come close and I hope we all know that we are fellow hogs of Epicurus and not "corrupters".

An interesting passage is in Diogenes Laertius 138, which seems to have conflicting translations of education either being a hobby or skill. Inwood and Gerson translate it as

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as Diogenes too says in book twenty of the Selections; he also says that basic education is a [form of] pastime.

Other people translate it as "recreation" including White (2021) This seems to imply that "basic education" is a hobby or a way to spend one's leisure? Like studying history of poetics for fun. This would seem to make Epicurus more friendly to Poetics than assumed, like Plutarch records Epicurus as saying the wise man will enjoy festivals, so long as it's kept clear of philosophy or assigned false importance. Alternatively this could be somewhat dismissive as saying that poetics is "only" a pastime at best and not something inherently noble.

Otherwise Bailey and Mensch translate it as

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So Diogenes says too in the 20th book of Miscellanies, and he adds that education is a ‘way of life. (Bailey)

This seems to imply that Education is like a skill, and in line with the context being the discussion on virtues this makes a good deal of sense of saying education tells us how to pass life in a respectable manner. Education is for the training of the how to live a pleasant life.

The Greek is καθά φησι καὶ Διογένης ἐν τῇ εἰκοστῇ τῶν Ἐπιλέκτων, ὃς καὶ διαγωγὴν λέγει τὴν ἀγωγήν.

Just realized i never did this. Here's my outline.

The general summary of Epicureanism i have is that living pleasantly is the absolute goal, and all other things virtue, epistemology, and physics is completely subject to this. With living pleasantly being the most important and only genuine good, that is, it is the only thing worth pursuing and we naturally pursue it, here's my takeaway from Epicurus on how to live pleasantly.

On How to live Pleasantly.

- Cultivate loving relationships, the feeling of being loved and cared for is more important than even food or water, with Friendship being most central. And the best way to cultivate this is by the virtues of being loving, understanding, generous, friendly, just, and being able to be completely honest about yourself by staying away from vice and finding like-minded people, and sharing your genuine interests with your friends, if you can't be honest with them, it's not a good relationship either because of you or them, and you should either change your habits to be able to be more honest, or get rid of a relationship which brings more problems than it's worth.

- Remember that your body and mind genuinely gets used to almost any diet or lifestyle after a short while and does not "need" fancy luxury every afternoon, and is cheapened by more indulgence, not less. Trust in your ability of hedonic adaption and remember it, both to enjoy luxury more by enjoying things when they come, and not risking harm over trivial luxuries through obesity, anxiety over money, etc.

- One must continually remember and reread the truth of how easily a good life is acquired and revere it, feel it in your bones, to avoid ruminating thoughts and empty fears.

- Cultivate gratitude for past and present goods, and a calm hope for future ones. I am only 23 years old but as sadistic as it may sound, i sometimes think about how many didn't even make it to be one year old or 10 to feel more gratitude for the 23 years I've had and hopefully more, I like the Lucretius line about getting joy at seeing those stranded at sea, not out of malice, but out of knowing our own current pleasures. More importantly...

- Don't catastrophize and avoid rumination on the future like the devil, don't do doom scrolling. Cicero quotes Epicurus as saying that filling ourselves up with anxiety is just filling ourselves up with a present evil which may never come and waste energy on pursuing current pleasures and i think he would agree it chiefly causes neglect of good habits, thought he doesn't say it. Tusculan Disputations III.15.32. Usener 444

- Remember that wisdom requires action as well as knowledge, so actually implement your knowledge, It's useless to know things are right if you don't implement them out of sloth or fear, this helped give me the kick in the but i needed to lose weight and outreach more to my friends and brothers. (Went from 20 pounds away to class three obesity to nine pounds away from healthy weight now). I I also learned of a lovely quote from Polyeaneus thank to Hiram Crespo's blog "Habits are born of small things, but bad habits gain vigor through our neglect.

- Believe strongly that your life is decided by your actions and disposition, and don't believe or blame a terrible life on necessity or luck, which rarely makes a life miserable compared to our own choices. In short, belief in free will is obvious to our own senses and important for living happily.

- Don't feel fear about the gods (who at best don't care about what you do), death (which is nothing to us and distracts from today), or pain (which is not as bad as we think when it comes and the worst evil is usually all the anxiety before it comes)

- I follow the idealist interpretation on Epicurean gods and both believe it's what Epicurus taught and my own view that i implement in daily life, i personally like imagining gods made of star dust and dancing around in the universe.

- I am a psychological hedonist and i believe Epicurus was as well.

(Possibly) Modern updates.

- I am skeptical that the wise man can always be happy, I certainly think the wise man can always deal with misfortune better than fools so it's still worth pursuing, but reading about cases like Blanche Monnier makes me think that they're are hard limits to what the mind can endure. Perhaps someone can maintain happiness in these condition but I'm skeptical.

- I tend to think money matters more than Epicurus may think, and isn't as completely anxious as he may think it is, in large part due to emergency expenses that life throws at us and a sense of freedom to do our own things. I absolutely agree with him that fame and power are largely not as helpful as advertised and usually harmful and love of just money itself and not security that comes with it is very harmful, but because of health concerns, insurance, student loans, or car payments, i think money is genuinely quite important, perhaps more than Epicurus lets on. This could just be a difference in definition of "poverty", or difficulties in modern life versus the ancient world due to insurance and cars, since i largely agree with Philodemus "On Property Management".

- I think a feeling of self-esteem, a good deal of mental stimulation, and feeling of doing something worthwhile is a natural and necessary desires, sadly just because of how humans are hardwired to feel anxious if we don't have this. Not sure Epicurus would disagree with this. I imagine it's a bit of a modern problem.

- I am personally a bit of bible nerd to learn more about how absurd it is whenever i feel mystified or afraid of hell. And think knowledge of scriptures claims may be necessary for happiness and not just natural science.

- Like most, i am more positive about love and children than past Epicureans, so long as we agree to only pursue someone who we would actively want as a friend as well as a romantic partner. Along with delight of seeing children grow up. For the record i follow Emily A. Austin in think Epicurus is more against "obsessive lust" than "love" in our language and is fine with good romantic partners but does not tolerate obsessive lust with toxic partners.

Favorite medium?

Frances Wright long discussion of the virtues in chapter 10.

Vatican Sayings 35, 46, 52, 54-55.

The description of the wise man in the Letter to Menoeceus. I believe picturing the life we most want and the types of life we avoid by wisdom is extremely beneficial and Philodemus himself recommends it.

The movie "Soul" by Pixar.

Hope you guys enjoy!

Quote from Martin

Most of the struggle to maintain their power seems to be pleasurable to them.

I just wonder if this relies too much on their own self-reports and what they like to present themselves as, basically gaslight themselves and others by acting like they really, deep down, enjoy the struggle. When objectively, when they are anxious, they don't enjoy it as much as they and other people think, and only talk about enjoying the struggle after coming out of a bad situation okay.

Emily A. Austin has a great chapter on this whe issue of self-reports of happiness versus objective standards in chapter 3, which highlights this issue of a detective investigating a husband who says he's happy, even though objectively, he seems not to be.