Posts by Pacatus

I note that, under the heading "Links and Books" she provides a link to this site, with the comment: "A wealth of open-access Epicurean texts and resources are available at EpicureanFriends.com, an online community committed to Epicurean study and practice. The materials are open to all, but posting to message boards requires a free registration and commitment to shared purpose and norms of civility." Cool!

Very important insights, Kalosyni! Thanks for posting it.

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My wife and I were both victims of abusive first marriages (in my case emotional/psychological, in hers the added fear of physical abuse). We became best friends before we ever considered getting married again (or even becoming romantically involved) – and remain best friends after 28 years of marriage. That – friendship – became for us the lodestone of the relationship. (And we know each other’s “warts” very well! 😉.)

When romance became part of it, we went to a counselor – both together and separately – to try to learn what behaviors and attitudes and social programming of ours had contributed to our being and continuing in those abusive relationships, so that we would never do that again – especially with each other. And we had other friends who supported us.

Because I am more an introvert (understatement! ), she has always had more outside friends – and that has never been a problem.

Again, thanks.

I recall posting this before somewhere: a facial reconstruction of Epicurus by Allesandro Tomassi.

Quote from Cassius

I don't know if I agree with myself from one day to the next, much less two years ago.

This I view as a virtue!

Here is Professor Wilson’s reply to my inquiry (I’ll just share it without comment):

Thank you for your interesting query about Epicurus and his girlfriends. I am not myself a classical scholar (I work only the later reception of Epicurus and Lucretius) but I found some useful articles (which have references to other useful articles...)

Catherine J. Castner, in "Epicurean Hetairai As Dedicants to Healing Divinities?." Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 23.1 (1982): 51-57, says: In addition, the literary sources list as living with Epicurus and members of his School the following women: Demetria (Phld., P.Hercul. 1005.v.16-17), Erotion (Timokrates in Diog.Laert. 10.7), and Leontion 00.4, and also, because of her intellectual prowess, in other writers).

(I pulled this as a PDF off the web).

Then there is Pamela Gordon in "Remembering the garden: The trouble with women in the school of Epicurus." Philodemus and the New Testament world. Brill, 2004. 221-243. She thinks the sexual freedom of the school might have been exaggerated by later Christian authors who wanted to portray it as utterly depraved.

In any case, the place of the hetairai ( educated, attractive, unmarried or unmarriageable women, usually foreigners, who were preferred company for educated men but needed financial support) is one of the most interesting topics in Greek social history.

With best wishes,

Catherine Wilson

Welcome!

Quote from Joshua

try as they might, lovers never can succeed in becoming two in one.

Rilke (going from memory here) defined love as “two solitudes that border and greet and protect one another.”

Agreed.

Quote from Don

A "romantic dinner" need not lead to "sexual passion"... or at least not until you leave the restaurant.

I have reached out to Professor Wilson via Academia.edu, asking her about supporting evidence for her claim. If I get a response, I’ll share it with all of you.

Quote from Don

To my mind, "feeling romantic" and "feeling sexual passion" convey two similar but distinct feelings.

I think sexual passion (in English now) can be felt in the context of a loving, romantic relationship, as well as in other (nonromantic) contexts. But I cannot say that what I sometimes feel toward my beloved should not be called sexual passion, shared in a loving relationship. That seems to me to be an unnecessary parsing.

Quote from Don

The verb ἔραμαι (of which ἐρασθήσεσθαι is a form) does mean "desire passionately, lust after; desire eagerly" so there's a connotation of over the top sexual desire and lust.

Well, here I go: leaping out where I should probably fear to tread—

First, it doesn’t seem to me that either the LSJ or Wiki entries for ἔρᾰμαι necessitate that connotation, except for regard to things (as opposed to persons); similarly for ἔρος. (I don’t know if it usually carries that connotation across the ancient literature, but it strikes me as something that is likely context-dependent.)

Even less so in other lexicons –

Slater: a. fall in love with, love c. gen. … b. desire.

Autenrieth: enamoured of, in love with.

Etymonline has this for “erotic”: 1650s, from French érotique (16c.), from Greek erotikos "caused by passionate love, referring to love," from eros (genitive erotos) "sexual love" (see Eros). Earlier form was erotical (1620s) –

And under the entry for eros, notes: "Ancient Greek distinguished four ways of love: erao "to be in love with, to desire passionately or sexually;" phileo "have affection for;" agapao "have regard for, be contented with;" and stergo, used especially of the love of parents and children or a ruler and his subjects."

Second, in order for sexual desire to have any per se negative connotation vis-à-vis Epicurus, it would have to fall into the category of unnatural desires, not a natural (albeit unnecessary) desire.

Third, a form of the same word, ἔρᾰμαι, is used in the DL quote affirming sexual pleasures as among those apart from which Epicurus would not know “how to conceive the good.”

“I know not how to conceive the good, apart from the pleasures of taste, sexual pleasures, the pleasures of sound, and the pleasures of beautiful form.”

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At bottom, I do not see Epicurus denigrating sexual pleasures at all, simply cautioning care. The denigrating connotations – whilst they might be apropos (or even predominant) in other cultural, philosophical and religious contexts – seem to me the kind of thing that Epicurus might have tried to rectify, as he did for hēdone itself vis-à-vis, say, the Stoics.

Just to react generally and off-handedly thus far: there would seem to be a wide gulf between being "overwhelmed by sexual passions" and "selective sexual prudence." (Similarly between pederasty, which Joshua's posts are referencing, and any consensual adult homosexual relations.) But I'll wait on further elucidation ...

EDIT: Does eros necessarily imply being overwhelmed or carried away? Or just feeling romantic/sexual passion?

Some time ago, I came upon the following quote by Catherine Wilson (in an interview; I’m not sure if it’s also in her book):

“Epicurus himself liked women and had a series of affairs with women who were uncharacteristically allowed into the school.” https://medium.com/perennial/how-…ll-ec69bf6c7d5b

I hasten to say that I have no moral qualms or objections whatsoever. I would suspect that friendship was also part of any such relationships. But I have not been able to find any confirming sources. Has anyone else?

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In addition to the cautions against the dangers of imprudence and profligacy (PD08, VS51 and the letter to Menoceus), there seems to be one thoroughly affirming statement on sexual pleasure (which I think has been quoted here often), from Diogenes Laertius:

“I know not how to conceive the good, apart from the pleasures of taste, sexual pleasures, the pleasures of sound, and the pleasures of beautiful form.” (On the Ethical End, quoted in DL, x, 6)*

Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, BOOK X, EPICURUS (341-271 B.C.)

The Greek word here translated as “sexual pleasures” is ἐρασθῆναι, and inflection of ἔραμαι which is also rendered as love (as it is in Bailey) – but with the connotation of romantic/sexual passion. It seems etymologically related to ἔρως.

Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, ἔρα^μαι

ἔραμαι - Wiktionary

ἔρως - Wiktionary

This is where I cry out to Don for help!

There seems to be a fairly large body of thought that Epicurus was celibate. But that seems to fall into something like the “bread and water in a cave” asceticism (possibly influenced by Stoicism?) that Cassius oft rebukes. Personally, I prefer a full-blooded, full-bodied Epicurus – including the pleasures of sex.

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I’m sure a lot of this has been covered before (and I skimmed the threads a bit), but I’d enjoy hearing other’s thoughts (even though it may all be speculative) on the subject – especially with regard to Wilson’s claim and the proponents of the idea that Epicurus was (must have been?!) celibate. Thanks in advance.

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* There is an expanded version in Cicero:

“For my part I cannot conceive of anything as the good if I remove the pleasures perceived by means of taste and sex and listening to music, and the pleasant motions felt by the eyes through beautiful sights, or any other pleasures which some sensation generates in a man as a whole. Certainly it is impossible to say that mental delight is the only good. For a delighted mind, as I understand it, consists in the expectation of all the things I just mentioned––to be of a nature able to acquire them without pain. . .” (Epicurus, On the End; Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 3.42-3.)

Quote from Kalosyni

being judged as "not good enough"

I would add under this one (and likely with application to others as well) understanding and accepting – and even celebrating – who you are, regardless of where you fall on the “spectrum” or other’s judgments or perceived judgments.

When I discovered late in life (in my mid-to-late 50s) that I have ADHD, it was really a relief: “Oh, that’s what I’ve been struggling with all these years!” I read into some literature about it, and decided to reject the “disability” D. It’s just how my brain works, with advantages and drawbacks just like anyone else – even as it puts me outside the mainstream “normal.”

Similarly with my pronounced introversion (which I’ve always been aware of). I suspect that it influenced my active imagination (even as that often got me into trouble in grade school).

Just the realizations – and contemplating them – was therapeutic, relieving a great deal of τᾰρᾰχή in my life (far less struggle than in my young and midlife years).

Being “different” I think has given me a certain sense of empathy for others: each individual is “different” – even when they try to squeeze themselves into this or that box labeled “normalcy” or “acceptability.” That might be the primary “communication skill” that allowed me to function with others in an extroverted world, both socially and in terms of work. (Although, as an introvert, I don’t always “play well with others”. ) Even as the ADHD tends to make my communication efforts as non-linear and catawampus as my thinking.

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In reference to @Kalosyni’s suggestion about counseling, I might suggest Codependents Anonymous (CODA) as one possibility, even just reading up on it.

Quote from Don

Epicurus is not mentioned in Rucker's book, although I find his text even more Epicurean then "The Art of Frugal Hedonism."

Am reminded of the early post-apostolic Christian Justin Martyr: "Those, therefore, who lived according to reason (logos) were really Christians, even though they were thought to be atheists, such as, among the Greeks, Socrates, Heraclitus and others like them."

Well, I wouldn't want to push that too far, but still:

“What’s in a name? That which we call a rose

By any other name would smell as sweet.”

(William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet)

Forgive this over-long, rambling post. This is all a general synopsis of past studies (of which much is forgotten) –

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Years ago I spent a good deal of time studying (in my own schlocky way) various renditions and interpretations of the perennial philosophy (taken broadly). There really are versions of it within most religions (Advaita Vedanta in Hinduism; Kabbalistic theology, as partially reflected in the Talmuds and Midrash, as well as the Zohar, in Judaism; the Laoist mainstream of Taoism, etc.) – albeit with different expressions (ice cream with different flavors: who wants to argue over whether chocolate or vanilla is “the right one”™?). Those versions are not necessarily considered “orthodox” to religious or philosophical sectarians.

A general perennialist would argue that emphasizing the differences is ultimately delusional (sectarianism is illusion). The “orthodox” sectarians would call the perennialists heretics.

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The foundation (again broadly) is that there is some universal “ground of being” or “field of being” (supernatural or natural) from which every individual manifestation arises, of which they are, and to which they all return – generally relinquishing whatever existential individualism one might have enjoyed during the journey.*

I don’t know if Advaita Vedanta is the oldest expression, but the “mahavakyas” of the Upanishads are probably generally representative (where “Brahman” is that underlying universal ground/field):

Sarvam khalvidam brahma – All this is Brahman.

Ayam atma brahma – This very self (that I am) is Brahman.

Tat tvam asi – That (Brahman) thou art.

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With that, I’ll truncate this brief recollection with a possible Epicurean spin (that hopefully does not stray into any Platonic idealism or Stoicism): If the whole field of our existence is defined by atoms and void, then we are formed of those atoms, and when we die, they are simply dispersed into that field. And we – as individual existences – are simply gone: nothing to fear.

And if the “field” is just atoms and void (or whatever analogues might be dominant in current physics), does the notion of a universal field (or ground) become just a metaphor** that might well be useful – as long as it is not reified into some “thing-in-itself” substance? [I think that would be my position.]

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* I once wrote a brief poem on this:

How tragic for the single flame to fear

annihilation in the larger fire

or water-drop to be afraid to fall

again into the vastness of the sea.

** Years ago I read a book that I no longer have, called The Metaphors We Live By. The thesis was that we often – likely unreflectively – allow our behavior to be guided by metaphors at least as much as reasoned analysis. Metaphors such as: tempus fugit; carpe diem; a stitch in time, etc.

Quote from Don

Sort of gives a whole deeper context to "Pluck the day" Carpe diem.

"pluck the frux"?

Don

The Wiktionary entry for the Latin “frux” traces it to the PIE *bʰruHg-:

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Italic *frūks, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg- (“fruit”).

frūx f (genitive frūgis); third declension

produce, crop, fruit

(in the plural) supplies

(figuratively) fruit, result, success

frux - Wiktionary

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The Wiktionary entry for *bʰruHg also gives this definition: “to make use of; have enjoyment of”. Which agrees with Etymonline.

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰruHg- - Wiktionary

For myself, I take the word frugal in a practical sense, not in any sense of a moral virtue in itself. (I have known people who are pretty severe “frugalists” and seem to take great self-righteous satisfaction in their “virtue” – though, of course, not all moral-virtue frugalists do that.) I am occasionally extravagant, but not so much as in my youth. And I can find (even relish) elegance in simplicity.

With that said, I found this, which I thought might add a small nuance to the discussion:

frugal (adj.)

"economical in use," 1590s, from French frugal, from Latin frugalis, from undeclined adjective frugi "useful, proper, worthy, honest; temperate, economical," originally dative of frux (plural fruges) "fruit, produce," figuratively "value, result, success," from PIE root *bhrug- "to enjoy," with derivatives referring to agricultural products. Sense evolved in Latin from "useful" to "profitable" to "economical." Related: Frugally.

frugal | Search Online Etymology Dictionary

The online etymology dictionary (etymonline) is the internet's go-to source for quick and reliable accounts of the origin and history of English words,…

www.etymonline.com

Don How would you, personally, render V63 in English? Maybe taking a stab at both formal equivalence and a more dynamic rendering?