Posts by Cassius

Notes On Deism and Natural Law

(Organized by Author)

5/23/22 -- This is a list of quotes I put together many years ago, including a list of other authors (at the bottom) of similar viewpoint. I am pasting it here just as a reference for further research, as some of the quotes are from Elihu Palmer, and the Mills father and son. Some of the quotes are from Cicero but most are from the 1800's period.

Author: Cicero, Marcus Tullius

Reference: n.p 42, Dio Chrysostom Twelfth Discourse, Loeb Classical Lib.

Date: 60 BC

Quotation:

And so, of all the many kinds of living creatures there is none except man that has any concept of a god, while among men themselves there is no race so highly civilized or so savage that, even if it does not know what sort of god it ought to have, yet thinks that it ought to have one. This goes to show that man recognizes God because in a sense he remembers and recognizes the source from which he sprang.

Author: Cicero, Marcus Tullius

Reference: The Republic, Loeb Classical Library, page 211. Date: 50 BC

Quotation:

True law is right reason in agreement with nature; it is of universal application, unchanging and everlasting; it summons to duty by its commands, and averts from wrongdoing by its prohibitions. And it does not lay its commands or prohibitions upon good men in vain, though neither have any effect on the wicked. It is a sin to try to alter this law, nor is it allowable to repeal any part of it, and it impossible to abolish it entirely. We cannot be freed from its obligations by senate or people, and we need not look outside ourselves for an expounder or interpreter of it. And there will not be different laws at Rome and at Athens, or different laws now and in the future, but one eternal and unchangeable law will be valid for all nations and all times, and there will be one master and ruler, that is, God, over us all, for he is the author of this law, its promulgator, and its enforcing judge.

And there will not be different laws at Rome and at Athens, or different laws now and in the fu-ture, but one eternal and unchangeable law will be valid for all nations and all times, and there will be one master and ruler, that is, God, over us all, for he is the author of this law, its promulgator, and its enforcing judge. Whoever is disobedient is fleeing from himself and denying his human nature, and by reason of this very fact he will suffer the worst penalties, even if he escapes what is commonly considered punishment.

Author: Cicero, Marcus Tullius

Reference: Phillipic III. Loeb Classical Library, page 225. Date: 50 BC

Quotation:

Ad decus et ad libertatem nati sumus; aut haec teneamus aut cum dignitate moriatur.

It is to glory and to liberty we were born; let us either hold fast to these or with dignity let us die.

Author: Cicero, Marcus Tullius

Reference: Phillipic VII. Loeb Classical Library, page 353. Date: 50 BC

Quotation:

I do not refuse peace, but war clothed with the name of peace I dread much. Wherefore, if we wish to enjoy peace, we must wage war; if we reject war we shall never enjoy peace.

Author: Cicero, Marcus Tullius

Reference: Phillipic VIII, Loeb Classical Library, page 377. Date: 50 BC

Quotation:

There is this difference, Calenus, between your creed and mine: I am unwilling that any citizen should act so as to incur the penalty of death; you think that, even if he has so acted, he should be spared. If there be in the body anything such as to injure the rest of the body we suffer it to be cauterized and cut out, that some member, rather than the whole body, should perish; so in the body of the State, to ensure the health of the whole, let what is noxious be amputated. A harsh saying; but yours is harsher: "Let the reprobate, the criminal, the disloyal, be saved; let the innocent, the honest, the good, all the State, be wiped out!"

Author: Cicero, Marcus Tullius

Reference: Phillipic XIII, Loeb Classical Library, page 603 Date: 50 BC

Quotation:

Our first prayer is to conquer; in the second place, to regard no chance of fortune as unbearable on behalf of the honour and liberty of our country. What remains is not a third, but the last alternative of all, to incur the greatest turpitude through love of life.

Author: Cicero, Marcus Tullius

Reference: Phillipic XI, Loeb Classical Library, page 491. Date: 50 BC

Quotation:

For law is nothing else but a principle of right derived from the will of the Gods, commanding what is honest, forbidding the contrary.

Author: Cicero, Marcus Tullius

Reference: Phillipic X, Loeb Classical Library, page 445. Date: 50 BC

Quotation:

It is indeed with a great and well-nigh assured hope that we have taken up the cause of liberty; but though I allow that the issues of war are uncertain and Mars inconstant, yet we must struggle for liberty at the risk of life. For life does not consist in breath: it does not exist at all in the slave. All other nations can bear slavery; our community cannot, and for no other reason than that other nations shun toil and pain, and, to be free from these, can endure all things; but we have been so trained and our minds do imbued by our ancestors as to refer all our thoughts and acts to the standard of honour and virtue. So glorious is the recovery of liberty that in regaining liberty we must not even shrink from death. Nay, if immortality were to follow the shrinking from present peril, yet from that it would seem we would shrink the more, as a perpetuation of servitude. But seeing that days and nights all manner of chances surround us on every side, it is not the part of a man, least of all of a Roman, to hesitate to surrender the breath he owes nature to his fatherland.

Author: Cicero, Marcus Tullius

Reference: Phillipic X, Loeb Classical Library, page 423. Date: 50 BC

Quotation:

No man grudges another's merit who is conscious of his own.

Author: Cicero, Marcus Tullius

Reference: Phillipic III, Loeb Classical Library, page 227. Date: 50 BC

Quotation:

But if already - may the Gods avert the omen! - the State has been brought to its last pass, let us, the leaders of the world and of all nations, do what stout gladiators do to die with honor, let us fall with dignity rather than serve with ignominy. Nothing is more detestable than disgrace, nothing fouler than servitude. It is to glory and to liberty we were born; let us either hold fast to these or with dignity let us die.

Author: Cicero, Marcus Tullius

Reference: The Republic, Loeb Classical Library, page 157. Date: 50 BC

Quotation:

And though Brutus was only a private citizen, he sustained the whole burden of the government, and was the first in our State to demonstrate that no one is a mere private citizen when the liberty of his fellows needs protection.

Qui cum privatus esset, totam rem publicam sustinuit primusque in hac civitate docuit in conservanda civium libertate esse provatum neminem.

Author: Dio Chrysostom

Reference: Twelfth Discourse: Loeb Classical Library p 43

Date: 97

Quotation:

To resume, then: Of man's belief in the deity and his assumption that there is a god we were maintaining that the fountain-head, as we may say, or source, was that idea which is innate in all mankind and comes into being as the result of the actual facts and the truth, an idea that was not framed confusedly nor yet at random, but has been exceedingly potent and persistent since the beginning of time, and has arisen among all nations and still remains, being, one may almost say, a common and general endowment of rational beings.

Author: Franklin, Benjamin

Reference: Date: 1859

Quotation:

BF CH 7 end - I had been religiously educated as a Presbyterian; and tho' some of the dogmas of that persuasion, such as the eternal decrees of God, election, reprobation, etc., appeared to me unintelligible, others doubtful, and I early absented myself from the public assemblies of the sect, Sunday being my studying day.

Author: Mill, John Stuart

Reference: On Liberty: Chapter I, line 156, page 5 Date: 1859

Quotation:

There is a limit to the legitimate interference of collective opinion with individual independence: and to find that limit, and maintain it against encroachment, is as indispensable to a good condition of human affairs, as protection against political despotism.

Author: Mill, John Stuart

Reference: On Liberty: Chapter I, line 250, page 7. Date: 1859

Quotation:

The likings and dislikings of society, or some powerful portion of it, are thus the main thing which has practically determined the rules laid down for general observance, under the penalties of law or opinion. And in general, those who have been in advance of society in thought and feeling, have left this condition of things unassailed in principle, however they may have come into conflict with it in some of its details. They have occupied themselves rather in inquiring what things society ought to like or dislike, than in questioning whether its likings and dislikings should be a law to individuals.

Author: Mill, John Stuart

Reference: On Liberty, Chapter I, line 263, page 7. Date: 1859

Quotation:

Those who first broke the yoke of what called itself the Universal Church, were in general as little willing to permit difference of religious opinion as that church itself.

Author: Mill, John Stuart

Reference: On Liberty, Chapter I, line 335, page 9. Date: 1859

Quotation:

The object of this essay is to assert one very simple principle, as entitled to govern absolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and control, whether the means used be physical force in the form of legal penalties, or the moral coercion of public opinion. That principle is, that the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection. That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant.

Author: Mill, John Stuart

Reference: On Liberty, Chapter I, line 910, page 39. Date: 1859

Quotation:

It is illustrated in the experience of almost all ethical doctrines and creeds. They are full of meaning and vitality to those who originate them, and to the direct disciples of the originators. Their meaning continues to be felt in undiminished strength, and is perhaps brought out into even fuller consciousness, so long as the struggle lasts to give the doctrine or creed an ascendancy over other creeds. At last it either prevails, and becomes the general opinion, or its progress stops; it keeps the possession of the ground it has gained, but ceases to spread further. When either of these results has become apparent, controversy on the subject flags, and gradually dies away. The doctrine has taken its place, if not as a received opinion, as one of the admitted sects or divisions of opinion: those who hold it have generally inherited, not adopted it; and conversion from one of these doctrines to another, being now an exceptional fact, occupies little place in the thoughts of their professors.

Instead of being, as at first, constantly on the alert to defend themselves against the world, or to bring the world over to them, they have subsided into acquiescence, and neither listen, when they can help it, to arguments against their creed, nor trouble dissentients (if there be such) with arguments in its favor. From this time may usually be dated the decline in the living power of the doctrine.

Author: Mill, John Stuart

Reference: On Liberty, Chapter II, line 1040, page 42. Date: 1859

Quotation:

All languages and literatures are full of general observations on life, both as to what it is, and how to conduct oneself in it; observations which everybody knows, which everybody repeats, or hears with acquiescence, which are received as truisms, yet of which most people first truly learn the meaning, when experience, generally of a painful kind, has made it a reality to them.

Author: Mill, John Stuart

Reference: On Liberty, Chapter II, 1090, page 43. Date: 1859

Quotation:

The loss of so important an aid to the intelligent and living appre hension of a truth, as is afforded by the necessity of explaining it to, or defending it against, opponents, though not sufficient to outweigh, is no trifling drawback from, the benefit of its universal recognition. Where this advantage can no longer be had, I confess I should like to see the teachers of mankind endeavoring to provide a substitute for it; some contrivance for making the difficulties of the question as present to the learner's consciousness, as if they were pressed upon him by a dissentient champion, eager for his conversion. But instead of seeking contrivances for this purpose, they have lost those they formerly had.

The Socratic dialectics, so magnificently exemplified in the dialogues of Plato, were a contrivance of this description. They were essentially a negative discussion of the great questions of philosophy and life, directed with consummate skill to the purpose of convincing any one who had merely adopted the commonplaces of received opinion, that he did not understand the subject -- that he as yet attached no definite meaning to the doctrines he professed; in order that, becoming aware of his ignorance, he might be put in the way to attain a stable belief, resting on a clear apprehension both of the meaning of the doctrines and of their evidence.

Author: Mill, John Stuart

Reference: On Liberty, Chapter II, line 1093, page 43. Date: 1859

Quotation:

It is the fashion of the present time to disparage negative logic -- that which points out weaknesses in theory or errors in practice, without establishing positive truths. Such negative criticism would indeed be poor enough as an ultimate result; but as a means of attaining any positive knowledge or conviction worthy the name, it cannot be valued too highly; and until people are again systematically trained to it, there will be few great thinkers, and a low general average of intellect, in any but the mathematical and physical departments of speculation.

Author: Mill, John Stuart

Reference: On Liberty, Chapter II, line 1305, page 49. Date: 1859

Quotation:

That mankind owes a great debt to this morality (Christianity), and to its early teachers, I would be the last person to deny; but I do not scruple to say of it, that it is, in many important points, incomplete and one-sided, and that unless ideas and feelings, not sanctioned by it, had contributed to the formation of European life and character, human affairs would have been in a worse condition than they now are. Christian morality (so called) has all the characters of a reaction; it is, in great part, a protest against Paganism. Its ideal is negative rather than positive; passive rather than active; Innocence rather than Nobleness; Abstinence from Evil, rather than energetic Pursuit of Good: in its precepts (as has been well said) "thou shalt not" predominates unduly over "thou shalt." In its horror of sensuality, it made an idol of asceticism, which has been gradually compromised away into one of legality.

It holds out the hope of heaven and the threat of hell, as the appointed and appropriate motives to a virtuous life: in this falling far below the best of the ancients.... What little recognition the idea of obligation to the public obtains in modern morality, is derived from Greek and Roman sources, not from Christian; as, even in the morality of private life, whatever exists of magnanimity, high-mindedness, personal dignity, even the sense of honor, is derived from the purely human, not the religious part of our education, and never could have grown out of a standard of ethics in which the only worth, professedly recognized, is that of obedience. I am as far as any one from pretending that these defects are necessarily inherent in the Christian ethics, in every manner in which it can be conceived, or that the many requisites of a complete moral doctrine which it does not contain, do not admit of being reconciled with it. Far less would I insinuate this of the doctrines and precepts of Christ himself.

I believe that the sayings of Christ are all, that I can see any evidence of their having been in-tended to be; that they are irreconcilable with nothing which a comprehensive morality requires; that everything which is excellent in ethics may be brought within them, with no greater violence to their lan-guage than has been done to it by all who have attempted to deduce from them any practical system of conduct whatever. But it is quite consistent with this, to believe that they contain, and were meant to contain, only a part of the truth; that many essential elements of the highest morality are among the things which are not provided for, nor intended to be provided for, in the recorded deliverances of the Founder of Christianity, and which have been entirely thrown aside in the system of ethics erected on the basis of those deliverances by the Christian Church. And this being so, I think it a great error to persist in at-tempting to find in the Christian doctrine that complete rule for our guidance, which its author intended it to sanction and enforce, but only partially to provide. I believe, too, that this narrow theory is becoming a grave practical evil, detracting greatly from the value of moral training and instruction, which so many well-meaning persons are now at length exerting themselves to promote. I much fear that by attempting to form the mind and feelings on an exclusively religious type, and discarding those secular standards (as for want of a better name they may be called) which heretofore co-existed with and supplemented the Christian ethics, receiving some of its spirit, and infusing into it some of theirs, there will result, and is even now resulting, a low, abject, servile type of character, which, submit itself as it may to what it deems the Supreme Will, is incapable of rising to or sympathizing in the conception of Supreme Goodness.

I believe that other ethics than any which can be evolved from exclusively Christian sources, must exist side by side with Christian ethics to produce the moral regeneration of mankind; and that the Chris-tian system is no exception to the rule, that in an imperfect state of the human mind, the interests of truth require a diversity of opinions.

....

It can do truth no service to blink the fact, known to all who have the most ordinary acquaintance with literary history, that a large portion of the noblest and most valuable moral teaching has been the work, not only of men who did not know, but of men who knew and rejected, the Christian faith.

Author: Palmer, Elihu

Reference: Principles of Nature, pages 9 - 10 Date: 1819

Quotation:

The political tyranny of the earth coalesced with this phalanx of religious despots, and the love of science and of virtue was nearly banished from the world. Twelve centuries of moral and political dark-ness, in which Europe was involved, had nearly completed the destruction of human dignity, and everything valuable or ornamental in the character of man. During this long and doleful night of ignorance, slavery, and superstition, Christianity reigned triumphant; its doctrines and divinity were not called in question. The power of the Pope, the clergy, and the church, were omnipotent; nothing could restrain their phrenzy, nothing could control the cruelty of their fanaticism; with mad enthusiasm they set on foot the most bloody and terrific crusades, the object of which was to recover from infidels the Holy Land.

Seven hundred thousand men are said to have perished in the two first expeditions, which had been thus commenced and carried on by the pious zeal of the Christian church, and in the total amount, several millions were found numbered among the dead: the awful effects of religious fanaticism presuming upon the aid of heaven. It was then that man lost all his dignity, and sunk to the condition of a brute; it was then that intellect received a deadly blow, from which it did not recover till the fifteenth century. From that time to the present, the progress of knowledge has been constantly accelerated; independence of mind has been asserted, and opposing obstacles have been gradually diminished. The church has resigned a part of her power, the better to retain the remainder; civil tyranny has been shaken to its center in both hemispheres; the malignity of superstition is abating, and every species of quackery, imposture, and imposition, are yielding to the light and power of science.

An awful contest has commenced, which must terminate in the destruction of thrones and civil despotism; in the annihilation of ecclesiastical pride and domination; or, on the other hand, intellect, science, and manly virtue will be crushed in one general ruin, and the world will retrograde towards a state of ignorance, barbarism, and misery.

Author: Palmer, Elihu

Reference: Principles of Nature, page 11. Date: 1819

Quotation:

Church and State may unite to form an insurmountable barrier against the extension of thought, the moral progress of nations, and the felicity of nature; but let it be recollected, that the guarantee for moral and political emancipation is already deposited in the archives of every school and college, and in the mind of every cultivated and enlightened man of all countries. It will henceforth be a vain and fruitless attempt to reduce the earth to that state of slavery of which the history of former ages has furnished such an awful picture. The crimes of ecclesiastical despots are still corroding upon the very vitals of human society; the severities of civil power will never be forgotten. The destructive influence of ancient institutions will teach us to seek in nature and the knowledge of her laws, for the discovery of those principles whose operation alone can emancipate the world from dreadful bondage.

Author: Palmer, Elihu

Reference: Principles of Nature, page 14. Date: 1819

Quotation:

Ignorance is an excellent friend to an ancient system of error, to the church and the different projects by which mankind has been enslaved. If you can once persuade a man that he is totally ignorant of the subject on which you are about to discourse, you can make him believe anything. Impositions of this kind are furnished by every day's experience; and the victim of such imposition is commonly the first to applaud the instrument of his ruin.

Author: Palmer, Elihu

Reference: Principles of Nature, page 14. Date: 1819

Quotation:

Nothing can be more true, nothing more certain, or important, than that man owes to himself due respect, that his intellect is an object of veneration, and its result interwoven with the best interests of human society. The distorted exhibitions of imaginary beings contained in all ancient theology, ought to excite within us a strong desire to discover truth, and reclaim the dignity which nature gave to man.

Author: Palmer, Elihu

Reference: Principles of Nature, page 93. Date: 1819

Quotation:

It is extremely destructive to the moral happiness of mankind to teach them the want of powers, or the inadequacy of those they possess; because the fact is otherwise, because it is a solemn truth that the powers of man are competent to provide for his happiness; they are equal to the exigencies of his existence. It is superstition that has made him a fool, it is religious tyranny that has enslaved his mind, perverted his faculties, and tarnished the glory of his intellectual energies. Christianity has taught him two aweful and destructive lessons; first, that he is incapacitated for the performance of moral actions; and secondly in case he should perform them, they would add no merit or superior excellence to his character; that his best righteousness is like filthy rags which God would treat with marked abhorrence.

Author: Palmer, Elihu

Reference: Principles of Nature, page 109. Date: 1819

Quotation:

Reason, righteous and immortal reason, with the argument of printing types in one hand, and the keen argument of the sword in the other, must attack the thrones and the hierarchies of the world, and level them with the dust of the earth; then the emancipated slave must be raised by the power of science into the character of an enlightened citizen; thus possessing a knowledge of his rights, a knowledge of his duties will consequently follow, and he will discover the intimate and essential union between the highest interests of existence, and the practice of an exalted virtue. The power of reason, the knowledge of printing, the overthrow of political and ecclesiastical despotism, the universal diffusion of the light of science, and the universal enjoyment of republican liberty; these will become the harbingers and procuring causes of real virtue in every individual, and universal happiness will become the lot of man.

Author: Palmer, Elihu

Reference: Principles of Nature, page 138. Date: 1819

Quotation:

The moral qualities of our nature are capable of being drawn into action, in perfect coincidence with the fundamental principles of an exalted virtue; but it is also conceded, that they are capable of being vitiated. In every intelligent agent, actions of the most opposite nature will sometimes obtain; man is not wholly virtuous, nor is he wholly vicious; but he consists of a compound of these two different kinds of action; but whether virtuous or vicious, it is the result of his own choice, and the use of the moral energies of his nature; his virtue is always personal, and his vice are to be attributed to a source which entitles them to a similar denomination. He acts as an independent moral agent; he acts for himself, he is accountable for himself, and he cannot be justifiably criminated by the vices of another, neither can another be criminated by his violation of moral rectitude. In this case, personal moral agency is the correct ground of decision, and to this tribunal alone the whole must be deferred.

Author: Palmer, Elihu

Reference: Principles of Nature, page 157. Date: 1819

Quotation:

The essential principles of morality are founded in the nature of man, they cannot be annihilated, they are as indestructible as human existence itself.

THE FOLLOWING AUTHORS ARE OF SIMILAR DISPOSITION:

Ethan Allen

Reason the Only Oracle of Man (1784)

Elihu Palmer

Principles of Nature (1819)

Thomas Paine

The Age of Reason (1794)

Part 1

Part 2

Worship and Church Bells

Essay on Dream

Examination of the Prophecies

The Existence of God

Origin of Freemasonry

Vindication of Thomas Paine (Ingersoll)

Prospect Papers

Answer to Bishop of Landaff

Benjamin Franklin

BF CH 7 end I had been religiously educated as a Presbyterian; and tho' some of the dogmas of that persuasion, such as the eternal decrees of God, election, reprobation, etc., appeared to me unintelligible, others doubtful, and I early absented myself from the public assemblies of the sect, Sunday being my studying day

John Toland

Christianity Not Mysterious (1696)

Anthony Collins

Discourse of Free Thinking (1713)

Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Human Liberty (1715)

Wollston

Gordon

Chubb

Mathew Tindal

Christianity As Old As Creation (1730)

Joel Barlow

The Columbiad (1807)

C.F. Volney

The Ruins, Or, Medications on the Revolutions of Empire (1791)

John Foster

John Stewart

Republican Religion

John Locke

The Reasonableness of Christianity

For discussion of aspects of the work of James Mill and John Stuart Mill related to Epicurus.

Focusing primarily on Elihu Palmer and his works including "Principles of Nature"

"Principles of Nature" - Hathi: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006551454 Google: https://books.google.com/books/about/Pr…id=lFCLRAAACAAJ

Report of the Mock Trial.... https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.…&view=1up&seq=5

Here is a screen clip relevant to this discussion. Apparently charges were brought against a printer for printing Elihu Palmer's "Principles of Nature." I am not sure if this was a real charge or a "Mock Trial" but either way it would seem to indicate that a Brit publishing something like "A Few Days In Athens" (see Chapter 16) in the early 1800's might have been in hot water: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.…&view=1up&seq=5

Several of us who have been participating in Wednesday Night Zoom meetings have been discussing expanding the project to something that we advertise on Facebook and other locations. This thread is to start the "open" discussion about that. We should have a number of posts with more information pretty quickly.

[Note: This thread was initiated after the exchange here.]

We already have a subforum for comparison of Epicurus to Utilitarianism, so let's continue to use that forum for that topic. Let;s use this subforum to exchange information on what we can find in the period leading up to, including, and shortly after Jeremy Bentham - the period in which "A Few Days In Athens" was written.

I am convinced if we started a systematic study of the orbit that Bentham and Frances Wright and the Mills father and son combo were traveling in, we'd find some more very good material on Epicurus.

I think that period and the writers from the late 1700's to mid 1800's would be particularly fruitful for good writing on Epicurus.

Something happened after that period, however, that turned attention more away from Epicurus.

That's a subject for the other thread too, but I would suspect the "turning away from Epicurus" has something to do with the rise of nihilism.

Anyway, let's talk in this thread and subforum about what we can find written by people in this period / this circle specifically about Epicurean Philosophy.

I need to and will start a new thread on this somewhere, but Nate's mention of these books reminds me that we discussed Jeremy Bentham a little in our recent AFDIA podcast.

I am convinced if we started a systematic study of the orbit that Bentham and Frances Wright and the Mills father and son combo were traveling in, we'd find some more very good material on Epicurus.

I think that period and the writers from the late 1700's to mid 1800's would be particularly fruitful for good writing on Epicurus.

Something happened after that period, however, that turned attention more away from Epicurus.

That's a subject for the other thread too, but I would suspect the "turning away from Epicurus" has something to do with the rise of nihilism.

OK OK I will set up the thread now! Here it is: Researching Jeremy Bentham and His Circle As They Relate To Epicurus

Nate I think this probably should be Thomas PAINE but I didn't change it....

Quote from Nate

Colonial North America versus self-described "Deists" like Thomas Young and Ethan Allen.

Also notable in the time period was Elihu Palmer, who's book "Principles of Nature" I have read in the distant past and found to be pretty good (but that was in my pre-Epicurean days, so no warranty!). Links to his work are here: https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lo…hu%2C+1764-1806

I don't think that there is anything more important in the way Epicurus was presenting the issues than to emphasize that he was including *everything* that feels good in any way at all (physically, mentally, emotionally, or any word we might choose to use) under the term "pleasure."

That's the way you get around the constant temptation to rank some good feelings as *better* than others.

Of course the other issue is that indulging in some pleasures in some contexts will being more pain than pleasure, but that's a contextual issue and different people will answer differently how much pain should be accepted for a particular pleasure.

The pain calculation is a "practical" consideration that varies by person and context, but the decision to include *everything* that we find feels good under the term "pleasure" (rather than insist on 50 different terms) is - to me - definitional and philosophical.

And it is something that is not at all clear to everyone, and needs to be explained.

If you want to maintain that all pleasure is good, as Epicurus did, even though every pleasure is not to be chosen at all times, then you are making a sweeping statement ("all pleasure is good") which does not allow of any exceptions. So I'd you start ranking some as more good or less good, then you're not following Epicurus' own analysis.

"Every pleasure then because of its natural kinship to us is good, yet not every pleasure is to be chosen: even as every pain also is an evil, yet not all are always of a nature to be avoided.". (letter to Menoeceus)

Welcome ReneLiza and thank you for that introduction! We have some very friendly and helpful people here who will be glad to answer anything you ask. And don't hesitate to ask anything no matter how basic you may think it might be. There's no better way for those of us who have been around for a while to test our own knowledge than to have an opportunity to explain things to someone new. So let us know however we can be of help.

Welcome reneliza ! Please Note: In order to minimize spam registrations, all new registrants must respond in this thread to this welcome message within 72 hours of its posting, or their accounts will be deleted. All that is required is a "Hello!" but of course we hope you will introduce yourselves further and join one or more of our conversations.

This is the place for students of Epicurus to coordinate their studies and work together to promote the philosophy of Epicurus. Please remember that all posting here is subject to our Community Standards / Rules of the Forum our Not Neo-Epicurean, But Epicurean and our Posting Policy statements and associated posts.

Please understand that the leaders of this forum are well aware that many fans of Epicurus may have sincerely-held views of what Epicurus taught that are incompatible with the purposes and standards of this forum. This forum is dedicated exclusively to the study and support of people who are committed to classical Epicurean views. As a result, this forum is not for people who seek to mix and match some Epicurean views with positions that are inherently inconsistent with the core teachings of Epicurus.

All of us who are here have arrived at our respect for Epicurus after long journeys through other philosophies, and we do not demand of others what we were not able to do ourselves. Epicurean philosophy is very different from other viewpoints, and it takes time to understand how deep those differences really are. That's why we have membership levels here at the forum which allow for new participants to discuss and develop their own learning, but it's also why we have standards that will lead in some cases to arguments being limited, and even participants being removed, when the purposes of the community require it. Epicurean philosophy is not inherently democratic, or committed to unlimited free speech, or devoted to any other form of organization other than the pursuit by our community of happy living through the principles of Epicurean philosophy.

One way you can be most assured of your time here being productive is to tell us a little about yourself and personal your background in reading Epicurean texts. It would also be helpful if you could tell us how you found this forum, and any particular areas of interest that you have which would help us make sure that your questions and thoughts are addressed.

In that regard we have found over the years that there are a number of key texts and references which most all serious students of Epicurus will want to read and evaluate for themselves. Those include the following.

1. "Epicurus and His Philosophy" by Norman DeWitt
2. The Biography of Epicurus by Diogenes Laertius. This includes the surviving letters of Epicurus, including those to Herodotus, Pythocles, and Menoeceus.
3. "On The Nature of Things" - by Lucretius (a poetic abridgement of Epicurus' "On Nature"
4. "Epicurus on Pleasure" - By Boris Nikolsky
5. The chapters on Epicurus in Gosling and Taylor's "The Greeks On Pleasure."
6. Cicero's "On Ends" - Torquatus Section
7. Cicero's "On The Nature of the Gods" - Velleius Section
8. The Inscription of Diogenes of Oinoanda - Martin Ferguson Smith translation
9. A Few Days In Athens" - Frances Wright
10. Lucian Core Texts on Epicurus: (1) Alexander the Oracle-Monger, (2) Hermotimus
11. Philodemus "On Methods of Inference" (De Lacy version, including his appendix on relationship of Epicurean canon to Aristotle and other Greeks)
12. "The Greeks on Pleasure" -Gosling & Taylor Sections on Epicurus, especially the section on katastematic and kinetic pleasure which explains why ultimately this distinction was not of great significance to Epicurus.

It is by no means essential or required that you have read these texts before participating in the forum, but your understanding of Epicurus will be much enhanced the more of these you have read.

And time has also indicated to us that if you can find the time to read one book which will best explain classical Epicurean philosophy, as opposed to most modern "eclectic" interpretations of Epicurus, that book is Norman DeWitt's Epicurus And His Philosophy.

Welcome to the forum!

I just realized this weekend (it was pointed out to me by Kalosyni) that the "Latest Posts" link (which I have now added to the main menu top-level menu as "RECENT") will show you not only the latest posts in the Forum sections, but also latest entries on the "Walls" of each user.

i tend to navigate the forum by looking for the red dot on the "bell" icon that's at the top of the page, but that "bell" doesn't notify you of posts on peoples' walls. i am looking for a way to produce a "red dot" that indicates ALL new posts to the website, so if I can figure out how to produce that I will implement it and post about it.

In the meantime, clicking on the "FORUM / Latest Posts" dropdown menu, or on the "RECENT" menu item in the top-level menu, should produce a list of most ALL recent activity on the forum.

There are several good additional posts in this thread, but i have time at the moment to paste only this one by Nate followed by one by me:

Nate:

Philodemus offers a prescription and names it as such (pharmakos):

First up, don't fear God or divine punishment. Don't think that the Natural World responds to your intentions like a Universal Mind that is aware of your personal feelings and disposes you accordingly. Life is about learning, so if you fear being punished from masturbating, read about anatomy to dispel that fear. If you fear that life does not make sense, and only the universe acting against you can explain your circumstances, spend time re-considering how such socio-economic circumstances come to play.

Second, don't fear Death, Hell, or an afterlife. Your actions are not being tallied like a morality points in Knights of the Old Republic. Life does not reward you for playing its game after you turn off the game. Don't get distracted by empty speculation: focus on the cause-and-effect of the present. Knowing that you will be saved in an afterlife through faith can lead one to commit many self-destructive and imprudent behaviors. The opposite leads people to despair that they are cursed.

Third, remember that you can live an amazing life living with cheap food and good friendships. You are not being kept from happiness because you lack fame and wealth (just look at Will Smith and Johnny Depp). The best things in life are free, and it is easier to get them than it is a new car. A bag of rice is only a few dollars and will feed you for a week. Your stomach does not distinguish the economic value of an apple, only its digestibility. A happy stomach and a happy friend makes a happy person.

Fourth, if you are in an absolute worst-case-scenario, and the previous three points are doing nothing to ease you from either chronic pain or unmanageable anxiety, just know that the pain cannot last, and you have done a tremendous job by tolerating it, and it is almost done. If you have a psychiatric episode, know that it is closer to being done than it was a few minutes ago. If you have suffered a mortal wound, know that keeping things in perspective will make the end of life more pleasant.

Vipassana, formless meditation, the Eightfold path, raja yoga, hatha yoga, confessionals with priests, ritualistic prayer designed to elicit a deity's favor, fasting, hypnosis, cognitive-behavioral therapy, counseling, pharmaceuticals, and dietary restrictions will not work for everyone. Each has differing levels of efficacy depending on the patient. However, rejecting fear of God, fear of damnation, rejecting celebrity-worship, and keeping optimistic in the face of pain are universally healthy.

Aside from Philodemus' Tetrapharmakos, we are advised to repeat the practice of frankly speaking in a non-judgmental setting (parrhesia), which provides history with one of the first forms of psychological therapy, designed to allow one to acknowledge one's own faults and find opportunities for personal growth. It also serves to foster social bonding and encourage trust relationships between good friends, so people do not feel isolated and resigned to insurmountable obstacles.

And, of course, Epicurus directly prescribes for us to study his philosophy, for it is never to soon, nor too late to secure the health of one's soul. Reading his Epistles, the Vatican Sayings, the Wise Man Sayings, the book of fragments, the Doxai, the poetic translation of On Nature as Lucretius' De Rerum Natura, as well as supplemental literature to understand the historical context (De Witt, Long & Sedley, O'Keefe, Wilson, etc.) are all recommended practices for a person to cure their anxiety.

Cassius:

Epicurus himself made a number of references in his letters to his own pursuit of the study of nature, and of philosophy, as his method of pursuing happiness. I think that gets overlooked as too general and imprecise to be of much help, but I think there is more too it if you consider some of his other viewpoints: In chapter Four of Lucretius, there is a long discussion of the nature and function of "images," and how the mind processes the things that are around us and incorporates them into our lives - even to the extent of dreaming about them at night. And as referenced in the opening of Book Six, the way to approach serenely even issues like "the gods" is to have appropriate views about them.

This sounds a lot to me like a form of conditioning your mind and your attitudes by pursuing those activities and studies that lead to please, and that lead to understanding that help you to deal with whatever pains you choose to accept or cannot avoid.

Several people have mentioned above that as individuals we find different things pleasurable, which leads to the view too that it's up to us to understand ourselves and our circumstances and to prudently organize our lives to produced the happiest result.

There's nothing magic in all this, nor should we expect there to be in a universe that is totally natural and without supernatural creation or control.

And to me that leads to one of the most key conclusions of all - that what Epicurus was mainly concerned about was orienting us to the way the world really works, and that there are no supernatural or absolute rules we are required to follow, so that it's up to us to "make hay while the sun shines."

There was a line in Chapter Fourteen of A Few Days in Athens that Frances Wright gives to Epicurus, which he says to a young student who has become attracted to the "vibe" of happiness that Epicurus had established in his Garden, but who had yet to crack a book as to the deeper and more controversial aspects of the philosophy - the student did not know that Epicurus taught that there is no supernatural god, no afterlife, no fate). Wright has Epicurus say to that student:

"I am sorry that you presumed so much, where you knew so little."

Rather than just presume that Epicurus was a direct competitor to the Stoics, and that he had the same presumptions and was after the same goals, we need to first dig into the details of what Epicurus was really teaching so we can see the full implications of the Epicurean worldview. After we see that it seems to me that the questions about "techniques" to live better become much easier to answer.

Tonight's AFDIA Zoom Discussion Starts at 8:00 PM Eastern - Link in the Calendar Event - Visitor's Welcome!

I haven't had a chance to look closely at this but might be interesting -

Egypt archaeologists unearth stunning 'Temple of Zeus' dedicated to Greek god

EGYPT archaeologists have made a stunning breakthrough, unearthing the remains of a temple dedicated to the Greek god Zeus.

www.express.co.uk

Chapter 14 is as deep as Chapter 13 is short. We will spend as much time talking about the details in one session as we can. One line however that I don't want to forget to highlight is this one, spoken by Epicurus to Theon:

"But as respects your defense of my philosophy, I am sorry that you presumed so much, where you knew so little."

If that doesn't summarize the state of the majority of modern discussion about Epicurus on the internet today, I don't know what does!

I hope that our book review, and EpicureanFriends.com, and our other efforts are small advances along the way in educating the Theons of today, who think that Epicurean philosophy is about nothing more than being gracious and smiling and "pursuing happiness," will come to understand that this statement given by "Epicurus" applies today as much as it did when delivered to Theon.

So in this chapter, we dive into deep issues such as whether an opinion can ever be morally good or morally evil, how the evidence of the senses should be used as the basis of all our opinions, and - as one of the biggest issues of the chapter - how the evidence provided by the principle of "isonomia" (existence along a spectrum from low to high) and the principle that "nature never makes a single thing of a kind" - though neither principle is named here explicitly) provide the evidence for Epicurus asserting the existence of a type of god, but not the existence of a specific god.

I am going to put most of the notes on the discussion we will have tonight under Chapter 14, where the heart of the discussion takes place, rather than here under Thirteen.

As I was reviewing these two chapters this afternoon, it keep hitting me that maybe the one thing Chapter 13 really stands for (other than setting out the blasphemy charges against Epicurus) is that instead of:

"A Few Days In Athens"

the title could have been:

"A Few Days Spent in Athens By A Young Person And the Mistakes He Makes Conversing With Philosophers While Never Cracking Open A Book!"

Quote from Kalosyni

Back then it was said that Epicurus did not teach publicly.

Quote from Kalosyni

The question is: Did Epicurus actually have people read the teachings themselves instead of giving lectures?

Yes I agree with what both Don and Joshua have written. I too have read the kind of statement you are citing, but I think that's another one of many exaggerations, for exactly the reasons Don and Joshua cite. I think the evidence supports the view that Epicurus was careful in choosing his forums, but there's no reason at all to think that he confined himself to writing, or to only small groups of intimate friends.

Quote from Cassius

Some mathematicians and historians, such as Carl Boyer, hold that Zeno's paradoxes are simply mathematical problems, for which modern calculus provides a mathematical solution.[6] Some philosophers, however, say that Zeno's paradoxes and their variations (see Thomson's lamp) remain relevant metaphysical problems

We just finished recording the podcast and this statement from Wikipedia stands out for me. We did our best to make the issues understandable and relevant, and this quote gets to the issue of why I think Epicurus thought the subject was important: We aren't simply discussing "mathematical problems" - we're illustrating that some very compelling arguments can be drawn up on many issues that would make you doubt your ability to control your life and be confident in reasoning based on the senses. Two other quotes come to mind:

This one I included in the podcast at the end:

[500] And if reason is unable to unravel the cause, why those things which close at hand were square, are seen round from a distance, still it is better through lack of reasoning to be at fault in accounting for the causes of either shape, rather than to let things clear seen slip abroad from your grasp, and to assail the grounds of belief, and to pluck up the whole foundations on which life and existence rest. For not only would all reasoning fall away; life itself too would collapse straightway, unless you chose to trust the senses, and avoid headlong spots and all other things of this kind which must be shunned, and to make for what is opposite to these. Know, then, that all this is but an empty store of words, which has been drawn up and arrayed against the senses. (Bailey)

This one I didn't include but also seems relevant from Book One:

[102] But still I fear your caution will dispute the maxims I lay down, who all your life have trembled at the poets' frightful tales. Alas! I could even now invent such dreams as would pervert the steadiest rules of reason, and make your fortunes tremble to the bottom. No wonder! But if Men were once convinced that death was the sure end of all their pains, they might with reason, then, resist the force of all Religion, and contemn the threats of poets. Now, we have no sense, no power, to strive against prejudice, because we fear a scene of endless torments after death. (Brown)

More links:

Wikipedia: Infinite Divisibility: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_divisibility

Wikipedia: Zeno's Paradoxes: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes

Zeno's paradoxes are a set of philosophical problems generally thought to have been devised by Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea (c. 490–430 BC) to support Parmenides' doctrine that contrary to the evidence of one's senses, the belief in plurality and change is mistaken, and in particular that motion is nothing but an illusion. It is usually assumed, based on Plato's Parmenides (128a–d), that Zeno took on the project of creating these paradoxes because other philosophers had created paradoxes against Parmenides' view. Thus Plato has Zeno say the purpose of the paradoxes "is to show that their hypothesis that existences are many, if properly followed up, leads to still more absurd results than the hypothesis that they are one."^[1] Plato has Socrates claim that Zeno and Parmenides were essentially arguing exactly the same point.^[2] Some of Zeno's nine surviving paradoxes (preserved in Aristotle's Physics^[3][4] and Simplicius's commentary thereon) are essentially equivalent to one another. Aristotle offered a refutation of some of them.^[3] Three of the strongest and most famous—that of Achilles and the tortoise, the Dichotomy argument, and that of an arrow in flight—are presented in detail below.

Zeno's arguments are perhaps the first examples of a method of proof called reductio ad absurdum, also known as proof by contradiction. They are also credited as a source of the dialectic method used by Socrates.^[5] Some mathematicians and historians, such as Carl Boyer, hold that Zeno's paradoxes are simply mathematical problems, for which modern calculus provides a mathematical solution.^[6] Some philosophers, however, say that Zeno's paradoxes and their variations (see Thomson's lamp) remain relevant metaphysical problems.^[7][8][9] The origins of the paradoxes are somewhat unclear. Diogenes Laërtius, a fourth source for information about Zeno and his teachings, citing Favorinus, says that Zeno's teacher Parmenides was the first to introduce the paradox of Achilles and the tortoise. But in a later passage, Laërtius attributes the origin of the paradox to Zeno, explaining that Favorinus disagrees.^[10]